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Concept
Ontology components
Résumé
Contemporary ontologies share many structural similarities, regardless of the ontology language in which they are expressed. Most ontologies describe individuals (instances), classes (concepts), attributes, and relations.
Common components of ontologies include:
Individuals instances or objects (the basic or "ground level" objects; the tokens).
Classes sets, collections, concepts, types of objects, or kinds of things.
Attributes aspects, properties, features, characteristics, or parameters that objects (and classes) can have.
Relations ways in which classes and individuals can be related to one another.
Function terms complex structures formed from certain relations that can be used in place of an individual term in a statement.
Restrictions formally stated descriptions of what must be true in order for some assertion to be accepted as input.
Rules statements in the form of an if-then (antecedent-consequent) sentence that describe the logical inferences that can be drawn from an assertion in a particular form.
Axioms assertions (including rules) in a logical form that together comprise the overall theory that the ontology describes in its domain of application. This definition differs from that of "axioms" in generative grammar and formal logic. In these disciplines, axioms include only statements asserted as a priori knowledge. As used here, "axioms" also include the theory derived from axiomatic statements.
Events the changing of attributes or relations.
Actions types of events.
Ontologies are commonly encoded using ontology languages.
Individuals (instances) are the basic, "ground level" components of an ontology. The individuals in an ontology may include concrete objects such as people, animals, tables, automobiles, molecules, and planets, as well as abstract individuals such as numbers and words (although there are differences of opinion as to whether numbers and words are classes or individuals).
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