Transfert horizontal de gènes

vignette|alt=Il s'agit d'une image représentant l'arbre de la vie à 3 domaines. Des croisements entre branches de cet arbre (qui est donc en fait un réseau) indique que la transmission de matériel génétique n'est pas seulement verticale, au long de la descendance, mais que certains évènements horizontaux, entre individus, existent.|Arbre phylogénétique à trois domaines montrant les possibles transferts horizontaux, notamment ceux postulés par la théorie endosymbiotique. Le transfert horizontal de gènes, ou transfert latéral de gènes, est un processus dans lequel un organisme intègre du matériel génétique provenant d'un autre organisme sans en être le descendant. Par opposition, le transfert vertical se produit lorsque l'organisme reçoit du matériel génétique à partir de son ancêtre. La plupart des recherches en matière de génétique ont mis l'accent sur le transfert vertical, mais les recherches récentes montrent que le transfert horizontal de gènes est un phénomène significatif. Une g

Simulation of total ankle replacement using numerical modeling

Sara Molins Cabaní

The ankle is a complex joint of the human body which is most often affected by trauma. Osteoarthritis is a joint disease that can require surgical intervention and when it affects the ankle there are two options to achieve pain relief. For years ankle fusion has been the most common technique but it entails a huge reduction of the ankle joint. This last decades the trending to total ankle replacement (TAR) to deal with that disease has increased. However, the longterm results are far away from the success of other joint replacements like the knee or the hip. The complexity of the ankle joint makes difficult to predict and to know what causes the failure of the replacement. Therefore, a numerical model that includes mainly the bones of the ankle joint and the prosthetic elements is created. Then two different kind of prosthesis are compared using the same model. Finally, in order to test how the ankle acts for a daily life movement, another model performing a phase of the ascent of stairs cycle is created. This last model guides the movement by the contraction of the triceps surae muscle. Results show that the bone strain levels differ a lot depending on the geometry of the prosthesis tested being more recommendable the tibial implant that is designed with an horizontal keel because it leads to a more uniform distribution of the load. For all the simulations the tibia is the most affected bone and the strain results surpass the limit established in some cases. For the climbing stairs simulation none of the elements surpass the strain limits. Even so, the failure of the TAR may not be only related to the deformation of the bone as there are other non-prosthetic issues that can affect the success of it. This is the first time that a musculoskeletal model of the ankle has been developed in order to study a prosthetic joint. Even though improvements are needed to make the model more complete and reliable it has been shown that it is useful to obtain the behaviour of the joint and to assess different implant designs.

2012

Natural competence of the pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii: an elusive phenomenon

Nina Vesel

Natural competence for transformation is an important driver of horizontal DNA exchange between different organisms. This can result in accumulation of dangerous genetic features, such as antibiotic resistance genes, in a single organism. One example of an organism that frequently acquires antibiotic resistance genes is Acinetobacter baumannii, a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that has recently become problematic in hospital settings. Even though natural competence for transformation was demonstrated for some A. baumannii isolates, its competence regulon, the exact mechanism of DNA uptake, and the contribution of transformation to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes were largely unexplored at the beginning of this thesis. The aim of this thesis was therefore to better characterize optimal conditions of competence, the underlying competence regulon, and the necessary set of machinery proteins. Additionally, we aimed to identify the limiting factors that oppose transformation-mediated exchange of DNA in a small selection of strains. Here, we first addressed the general aspects of natural transformation, such as the competence window and the DNA uptake machinery. Our results showed that transformation is growth phase-dependent in A. baumannii and correlated with type IV pili (T4P) production. We demonstrated that T4P are essential for transformation and surface-associated motility but are only produced in a subfraction of the bacterial population. Furthermore, T4P production and assembly were under control of the PilSR two component system and the chemotaxis-like Pil-Chp system, respectively. These two regulatory systems were essential for competence development in A. baumannii, which is in contrast to what was observed for its close relative A. baylyi. We also investigated the reasons for non-transformability of certain A. baumannii isolates. We showed that comM interruption as well as the diversity of PilA protein sequences did not explain the strains' non-transformability. Instead, decreased expression of certain pilus genes was associated to the absence of transformability, which was also reflected in the protein level of the major component of T4P - PilA. Since the previously identified regulators could not explain the reduced transcript levels of the respective pilus genes, a transposon sequencing screen was performed to identify novel transformation-relevant genes. By comparison of transcriptional profiles of such genes between the transformable and non-transformable strains, we identified possible candidates that might explain non-transformability. Lastly, we explored whether the epigenome can influence A. baumannii's transformability. Our results showed that the source of transforming DNA has a significant effect on transformation of certain, yet not all tested strains. Specifically, for strain A118 the transformation levels were significantly decreased when non-self DNA was used as the donor DNA. Consequently, we identified a A118-specific restriction modification (RM) system that methylated specific DNA sequences in this strain and fostered the discrimination of self versus foreign DNA. Collectively, the findings of this thesis deciphered several important aspects of natural transformation in A. baumannii, which might ultimately help to better understand the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in this organism.

EPFL2022

Mechanistic aspects of DNA uptake in naturally competent Vibrio cholerae

Patrick Martin Seitz

The physiological state of competence for natural transformation allows bacteria to take up free DNA from the environment and recombine it into their genome. As one of three modes of horizontal gene transfer, natural transformation has hence contributed substantially to the enormous diversity and plasticity of bacterial genomes. With its potential to promote the spread of antibiotic resistances and virulence factors of a variety of pathogens, natural transformation also has an important impact on human health. Even though conserved components required to undergo natural transformation have been identified in many bacterial species, our knowledge on the underlying mechanism of DNA transport remains very limited. To better understand this aspect, we established a first model of DNA uptake in the naturally competent human pathogen Vibrio cholerae. We showed that at least twenty proteins are required for efficient uptake, protection and recombination of transforming DNA in a non-species-specific manner. 14 of these proteins are needed to produce a type IV pilus, which we were able to visualize for the first time. We showed that this competence pilus is not restricted to cell poles, as has been shown for other competent bacterial species (e.g. Bacillus subtilis). Furthermore, we compared the position of this pilus to the localization of other competence proteins and determined their role in the assembly of a surface exposed pilus fiber. While this type IV pilus is important for efficient DNA uptake, we also observed rare transformation events in its absence. In contrast, three pilus-unrelated proteins that are likely involved in the transport process were absolutely required for transformation. Two of them were implicated in DNA transport across the inner membrane. Deletion of the corresponding genes led to a strong accumulation of transforming DNA within the periplasm. However, one of them, ComEA, was essential for DNA uptake across the outer membrane, independently of competence pili. We further characterized the role of this protein by showing that it is localized to the periplasm of competent V. cholerae cells and that it binds to DNA in vivo. Based on our results, we proposed that ComEA directly contributes to DNA transport. Although we showed that DNA uptake across the outer membrane and translocation of DNA into the cytoplasm are functionally uncoupled, our results suggest that the two events coincide spatially. In summary, these findings allow us to present a first mechanistic model of the DNA uptake process in V. cholerae. Many aspects of this model likely apply to other naturally competent bacteria, and therefore represent an important contribution to the general understanding of this basic biological process.

EPFL2014