Pôle Sud

Résumé

thumb|Carte de l'Antarctique indiquant : 1 : le pôle Sud géographique 2 : le pôle Sud magnétique (en 2007) 3 : le pôle Sud géomagnétique 4 : le pôle Sud d'inaccessibilité Le pôle Sud est le point le plus au sud de la surface de la Terre, diamétralement opposé au pôle Nord. Il est situé sur le continent Antarctique. Le pôle Sud est parfois désigné comme « géographique » afin de le distinguer du pôle Sud magnétique. Bien que tous deux situés en Antarctique, les deux points ne coïncident pas car l'emplacement du pôle Sud magnétique suit les variations du champ magnétique terrestre. Géographie Situation De façon générale, le pôle Sud géographique est défini comme l'un des deux points où l'axe de rotation de la Terre coupe sa surface (l'autre étant le pôle Nord). Cependant, cette définition n'est pas totalement précise car l'axe de rotation est sujet de petites variations et la position exacte de cette intersection varie de quelques mètres

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4le_Sud

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The asteroid 4 Vesta was recently found to have two large impact craters near its south pole, exposing subsurface material. Modelling suggested that surface material in the northern hemisphere of Vesta came from a depth of about 20 kilometres, whereas the exposed southern material comes from a depth of 60 to 100 kilometres. Large amounts of olivine from the mantle were not seen, suggesting that the outer 100 kilometres or so is mainly igneous crust. Here we analyse the data on Vesta and conclude that the crust-mantle boundary (or Moho) is deeper than 80 kilometres.

Nature Publishing Group2014

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The IceCube data acquisition system: Signal capture, digitization, and timestamping

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IceCube is a km-scale neutrino observatory under construction at the South Pole with sensors both in the deep ice (InIce) and on the surface (IceTop). The sensors, called Digital Optical Modules (DOMs). detect, digitize and timestamp the signals from optical Cherenkov-radiation photons. The DOM Main Board (MB) data acquisition subsystem is connected to the central DAQ in the IceCube Laboratory (ICL) by a single twisted copper wire-pair and transmits packetized data on demand. Time calibration is maintained throughout the array by regular transmission to the DOMs of precisely timed analog signals, synchronized to a central GPS-disciplined clock. The design goals and consequent features, functional capabilities, and initial performance of the DOM MB, and the operation of a combined array of DOMs as a system, are described here. Experience with the first InIce strings and the IceTop stations indicates that the system design and performance goals have been achieved. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube

Xiaoxia Bai

Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-in. diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution, late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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