Wigner's theoremWigner's theorem, proved by Eugene Wigner in 1931, is a cornerstone of the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics. The theorem specifies how physical symmetries such as rotations, translations, and CPT are represented on the Hilbert space of states. The physical states in a quantum theory are represented by unit vectors in Hilbert space up to a phase factor, i.e. by the complex line or ray the vector spans.
Triplet de GelfandEn analyse fonctionnelle, le triplet de Gelfand (aussi triplet de Banach-Gelfand ou triade hilbertienne ou rigged Hilbert space) est un espace-triplet consistant en un espace de Hilbert , un espace de Banach (ou plus généralement un espace vectoriel topologique) et son dual topologique . L'espace est choisi tel que soit un sous-espace dense dans et que son inclusion soitcontinue. Cette construction a l'avantage que les éléments de peuvent être exprimés comme des éléments de l'espace dual en utilisant le théorème de représentation de Fréchet-Riesz.
Espace projectif de HilbertL'espace projectif de Hilbert, en mathématiques et en mécanique quantique, est un espace projectif d'un espace de Hilbert complexe. Noté P(H), il est le jeu de classes d'équivalences de vecteurs v de H, avec v ≠ 0, qui sont tels que : v ~ w quand v = λw Avec λ un scalaire, c'est-à-dire un nombre complexe non nul. Les classes d'équivalences pour « ~ » sont également appelées rayons projectifs. C'est la construction habituelle d'un espace projectif, appliquée à un espace de Hilbert.
Haag's theoremWhile working on the mathematical physics of an interacting, relativistic, quantum field theory, Rudolf Haag developed an argument against the existence of the interaction picture, a result now commonly known as Haag’s theorem. Haag’s original proof relied on the specific form of then-common field theories, but subsequently generalized by a number of authors, notably Hall & Wightman, who concluded that no single, universal Hilbert space representation can describe both free and interacting fields.
Phase factorFor any complex number written in polar form (such as r eiθ), the phase factor is the complex exponential factor (eiθ). As such, the term "phase factor" is related to the more general term phasor, which may have any magnitude (i.e. not necessarily on the unit circle in the complex plane). The phase factor is a unit complex number, i.e. a complex number of absolute value 1. It is commonly used in quantum mechanics. The variable θ appearing in such an expression is generally referred to as the phase.
SuperselectionIn quantum mechanics, superselection extends the concept of selection rules. Superselection rules are postulated rules forbidding the preparation of quantum states that exhibit coherence between eigenstates of certain observables. It was originally introduced by Wick, Wightman, and Wigner to impose additional restrictions to quantum theory beyond those of selection rules. Mathematically speaking, two quantum states and are separated by a selection rule if for the given Hamiltonian , while they are separated by a superselection rule if for all physical observables .