Bande transporteuseUne bande transporteuse, ou courroie transporteuse ou convoyeur à bande ou encore transporteur à bande, est un dispositif de transport ou de manutention permettant le déplacement continu de marchandises en vrac ou de charges isolées. Elle est constituée essentiellement d'une bande sans fin en matériau souple entraînée et supportée par des poulies motorisées. La bande, plus ou moins large, comporte un brin inférieur et un brin supérieur, lequel supporte et entraîne la marchandise posée dessus.
Longue tailleLongwall mining is a form of underground coal mining where a long wall of coal is mined in a single slice (typically thick). The longwall panel (the block of coal that is being mined) is typically long (but can be upto long) and wide. The basic idea of longwall mining was developed in England in the late 17th century. Miners undercut the coal along the width of the coal face, removing coal as it fell, and used wooden props to control the fall of the roof behind the face. This was known as the Shropshire method of mining.
Hoist (mining)In underground mining a hoist or winder is used to raise and lower conveyances within the mine shaft. Modern hoists are normally powered using electric motors, historically with direct current drives utilizing Ward Leonard control machines and later solid-state converters (thyristors), however modern large hoists use alternating current drives that are variable frequency controlled. There are three principal types of hoists used in mining applications: Drum hoists are the most common type of hoist used in North America, South Africa and South America.
Sub-bituminous coalSub-bituminous coal is a lower grade of coal that contains 35–45% carbon. The properties of this type are between those of lignite, the lowest grade of coal, and those of bituminous coal, the second-highest grade of coal. Sub-bituminous coal is primarily used as a fuel for steam-electric power generation. Sub-bituminous coals may be dull, dark brown to black, soft and crumbly at the lower end of the range, to bright jet-black, hard, and relatively strong at the upper end.
Ressource non renouvelableUne ressource naturelle est qualifiée de non renouvelable ou épuisable lorsque sa vitesse de destruction dépasse, largement ou non, sa vitesse de création. Le sol se forme en quelques siècles à plusieurs millénaires suivant les conditions chimiques, physiques et biologiques et est actuellement détruit dans certaines régions en quelques dizaines d'années, voire quelques années. On peut aussi rapprocher l'actuelle destruction accélérée des espèces d'une ressource .
Rail freight transportRail freight transport is the use of railroads and trains to transport cargo as opposed to human passengers. A freight train, cargo train, or goods train is a group of freight cars (US) or goods wagons (International Union of Railways) hauled by one or more locomotives on a railway, transporting cargo all or some of the way between the shipper and the intended destination as part of the logistics chain. Trains may haul bulk material, intermodal containers, general freight or specialized freight in purpose-designed cars.
Lampe de mineurvignette|upright|Lampe Wolf avec un verre du Val-Saint-Lambert (Belgique).|alt= Une lampe de mineur est une lampe utilisée dans les différentes sortes de mines. Il en existe beaucoup de types différents, suivant l’époque, le lieu géographique et le type de mine considéré (minerais, sel, charbon, autres minéraux...). upright=0.6|thumb|Lampe de mineur ancienne à huile (région de la Sarre).|alt= Depuis l’Antiquité, les mineurs se sont éclairés grâce à des chandelles de suif.
RenaturationLe mot renaturation ou renaturalisation est associé à celui de réparation. Il désigne notamment les processus par lesquels les espèces vivantes recolonisent spontanément un milieu ayant subi des perturbations écologiques. Il désigne aussi les opérations d'aménagements et de gestion restauratoire puis conservatoire consistant à restaurer le « bon » état écologique et paysager de sites que l'on estime dégradés par les activités humaines, les événements naturels (glissements de terrains, inondations) ou par l'absence de certains animaux (grands ou petits herbivores, fouisseurs, etc.
WhitedampWhitedamp is a noxious mixture of gases formed by the combustion of coal, usually in an enclosed environment such as a coal mine. The main, most toxic constituent is carbon monoxide, which causes carbon monoxide poisoning. Hydrogen sulfide, also called stinkdamp, may co-occur. Coal frequently starts to burn slowly in mines when it is exposed to the atmosphere; partial combustion produces carbon monoxide. The term is etymologically and practically related to terms for other underground mine gases such as firedamp, black damp, stink damp, and afterdamp.
Fugitive gas emissionsFugitive gas emissions are emissions of gas (typically natural gas, which contains methane) to atmosphere or groundwater which result from oil and gas or coal mining activity. In 2016, these emissions, when converted to their equivalent impact of carbon dioxide, accounted for 5.8% of all global greenhouse gas emissions. Most fugitive emissions are the result of loss of well integrity through poorly sealed well casings due to geochemically unstable cement.
