Specialization (linguistics)In linguistics, the term specialization (as defined by Paul Hopper), refers to one of the five principles by which grammaticalization can be detected while it is taking place. The other four principles are: layering, divergence, persistence, and de-categorialization. Specialization refers to the narrowing of choices that characterizes an emergent grammatical construction. The lexical meaning of a grammaticalizing feature decreases in scope, so that in time the feature conveys a generalized grammatical meaning.
Persistence (linguistics)Persistence in linguistics refers to one of the five principles by which grammaticalisation can be detected while it is taking place. The other four are: layering, divergence, specialisation, and de-categorialisation. "When a form undergoes grammaticalization from a lexical to a grammatical function, as long as it is grammatically viable some traces of its original lexical meanings tend to adhere to it, and details of its lexical history may be reflected in constraints on its grammatical distribution.
De-categorializationDe-categorialization (or de-categorialisation) in linguistics refers to one of the five principles by which grammaticalization can be detected while it is taking place (according to Paul Hopper). The other four are layering, divergence, specialization, and persistence. De-categorialization can be described as the loss of morphosyntactic properties.
GrammaticalisationLe terme grammaticalisation désigne, dans l'évolution d'une langue à une autre ou dans l'histoire d'une langue déjà formée, un changement linguistique consistant en la transformation d'une entité autonome, le plus souvent un mot à sens lexical, en morphème grammatical. La grammaticalisation est un processus graduel et de longue durée, se manifestant par plusieurs phénomènes.
