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Concept
Newcastle-under-Lyme
Résumé
Newcastle-under-Lyme (RP: ˈnjuːkɑːsəl , ˈnjuːkæsəl ) is a market town and the administrative centre of the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme in Staffordshire, England. It is adjacent to the city of Stoke-on-Trent. In 2011 the population was 75,082.
Newcastle grew up in the twelfth century around the castle which gave the town its name, and received its first charter in 1173. The town's early industries included millinery, silk weaving, and coal mining, but despite its proximity to the Potteries it did not develop a ceramics trade.
The name "Newcastle" is derived from a mid 12th century motte and bailey that was built after King Stephen granted lands in the area to Ranulf de Gernon, Earl of Chester; the land was for his support during the civil war known as The Anarchy. "Lyme" might refer to the Lyme Brook or the Forest of Lyme (with lime and elm trees) that covered an extensive area across the present day counties of Cheshire, Staffordshire and parts of Derbyshire.
Newcastle was not recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book, as it grew up round a 12th-century castle, but it must have gained rapid importance, as a charter, known solely through a reference in another charter to Preston, was given to the town by Henry II in 1173. The new castle superseded an older fortress at Chesterton, about to the north, whose ruins were visible up to the end of the 16th century.
In 1235 Henry III turned the town into a free borough, granting a guild and other privileges. In 1251 he leased it under a fee farm grant to the burgesses. In 1265 Newcastle was granted by the Crown to Simon de Montfort and later to Edmund Crouchback, through whom it passed to Henry IV. In John Leland's time the castle had disappeared "save one great Toure".
Newcastle did not feature much in the English Civil War, except as a victim of Royalist plundering. However, it was the home town of Major General Thomas Harrison, a Cromwellian army officer and leader of the Fifth Monarchy Men.
An inclosure act in 1816 enclosed the common lands of the borough, and removed their common rights.
Source officielle
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