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Concept
Trade agreement
Résumé
A trade agreement (also known as trade pact) is a wide-ranging taxes, tariff and trade treaty that often includes investment guarantees. It exists when two or more countries agree on terms that help them trade with each other. The most common trade agreements are of the preferential and free trade types, which are concluded in order to reduce (or eliminate) tariffs, quotas and other trade restrictions on items traded between the signatories.
The logic of formal trade agreements is that they outline what is agreed upon and the punishments for deviation from the rules set in the agreement. Trade agreements therefore make misunderstandings less likely, and create confidence on both sides that cheating will be punished; this increases the likelihood of long-term cooperation. An international organization, such as the IMF, can further incentivize cooperation by monitoring compliance with agreements and reporting third countries of the violations. Monitoring by international agencies may be needed to detect non-tariff barriers, which are disguised attempts at creating trade barriers.
Trade pacts are frequently politically contentious since they may change economic customs and deepen interdependence with trade partners. Regulatory changes may also be contentious. For instance, trade agreements have been used by nicotine- and alcohol-industry lobbyists to block, delay, and weaken public health measures like health warning labels. Free trade agreements have also attempted to regulate internet use, extend and strengthen legal monopolies, and change criminal law, privacy law, healthcare, labour law, and environmental law. Increasing efficiency through "free trade" is a common goal. For the most part, governments are supportive of further trade agreements.
There have been however some concerns expressed by the WTO. According to Pascal Lamy, Director-General of the WTO, the proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) "...is breeding concern — concern about incoherence, confusion, exponential increase of costs for business, unpredictability and even unfairness in trade relations.
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Intégration économique
vignette|250px|Carte des États membres de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). En vert foncé : États membres, en vert clair : États membres de l'OMC et de l'Union européenne, en bleu : pays observateurs, en gris : pays non-membres. L’intégration économique est le processus de mise en réseau et d'unification de systèmes économiques nationaux et des politiques économiques entre différents États. L'intégration passe par l'abolition partielle ou totale des restrictions tarifaires (taxes, droits de douane) et non tarifaires sur le commerce.
Organisation mondiale du commerce
LOrganisation mondiale du commerce (OMC ; en World Trade Organization, WTO, en Organización Mundial del Comercio, OMC) est une organisation internationale qui s'occupe des règles régissant le commerce international entre les pays. Au cœur de l'organisation se trouvent les accords de l'OMC, négociés et signés en avril 1994 à Marrakech par la majeure partie des puissances commerciales du monde et ratifiés par leurs assemblées parlementaires. L'OMC a pour but principal de favoriser l'ouverture commerciale.
Trade bloc
A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states. Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states (such as the USMCA) or part of a regional organization (such as the European Union). Depending on the level of economic integration, trade blocs can be classified as preferential trading areas, free-trade areas, customs unions, common markets, or economic and monetary unions.
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