Peppered moth evolutionThe evolution of the peppered moth is an evolutionary instance of directional colour change in the moth population as a consequence of air pollution during the Industrial Revolution. The frequency of dark-coloured moths increased at that time, an example of industrial melanism. Later, when pollution was reduced, the light-coloured form again predominated. Industrial melanism in the peppered moth was an early test of Charles Darwin's natural selection in action, and it remains a classic example in the teaching of evolution.
Constructive neutral evolutionConstructive neutral evolution (CNE) is a theory that seeks to explain how complex systems can evolve through neutral transitions and spread through a population by chance fixation (genetic drift). Constructive neutral evolution is a competitor for both adaptationist explanations for the emergence of complex traits and hypotheses positing that a complex trait emerged as a response to a deleterious development in an organism.
Balancing selectionBalancing selection refers to a number of selective processes by which multiple alleles (different versions of a gene) are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies larger than expected from genetic drift alone. Balancing selection is rare compared to purifying selection. It can occur by various mechanisms, in particular, when the heterozygotes for the alleles under consideration have a higher fitness than the homozygote. In this way genetic polymorphism is conserved.
Sélection négative (sélection naturelle)Dans la sélection naturelle, la sélection négative ou la sélection purifiante est l'élimination sélective des allèles délétères. Cela peut stabiliser la sélection par la purge des polymorphismes génétiques délétères qui résultent de mutations aléatoires. La purge des allèles délétères peut être réalisée au niveau de la génétique des populations, ne nécessitant pas plus d'une seule mutation ponctuelle comme l'unité de sélection.
Trait de caractère (biologie)thumb|Des yeux gris. Un trait phénotypique (ou trait de caractère) désigne une variation d'un caractère phénotypique (par exemple, les yeux bleus pour la couleur des yeux, ou les cheveux blonds pour la couleur des cheveux) Un caractère phénotypique, pour un organisme vivant, est un de ses aspects anatomique, physiologique, moléculaire ou comportemental, qui peut-être analysé. L'ensemble des traits phénotypiques d'un organisme vivant constitue son phénotype, par opposition au génotype qui décrit les informations génétiques de cet organisme, héritées de ses parents.
Genotype frequencyGenetic variation in populations can be analyzed and quantified by the frequency of alleles. Two fundamental calculations are central to population genetics: allele frequencies and genotype frequencies. Genotype frequency in a population is the number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population. In population genetics, the genotype frequency is the frequency or proportion (i.e., 0 < f < 1) of genotypes in a population.
Population sizeIn population genetics and population ecology, population size (usually denoted N) is a countable quantity representing the number of individual organisms in a population. Population size is directly associated with amount of genetic drift, and is the underlying cause of effects like population bottlenecks and the founder effect. Genetic drift is the major source of decrease of genetic diversity within populations which drives fixation and can potentially lead to speciation events.
Hérédité par mélangeLa théorie de l'hérédité par mélange est une théorie de l'hérédité, aujourd'hui abandonnée, supposant que le phénotype d'un individu provienne du mélange dans certaines proportions des influences parentales. Ainsi, selon cette théorie, les caractères des parents se combinent dans la progéniture. Cette théorie prédominait jusqu'au début du , à partir de quand les travaux de Gregor Mendel furent redécouverts et popularisés (par le Néerlandais Hugo de Vries, l'Allemand Carl Erich Correns et l'Autrichien Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg) et firent polémique.
Population structure (genetics)Population structure (also called genetic structure and population stratification) is the presence of a systematic difference in allele frequencies between subpopulations. In a randomly mating (or panmictic) population, allele frequencies are expected to be roughly similar between groups. However, mating tends to be non-random to some degree, causing structure to arise. For example, a barrier like a river can separate two groups of the same species and make it difficult for potential mates to cross; if a mutation occurs, over many generations it can spread and become common in one subpopulation while being completely absent in the other.
Ecological geneticsEcological genetics is the study of genetics in natural populations. Traits in a population can be observed and quantified to represent a species adapting to a changing environment. This contrasts with classical genetics, which works mostly on crosses between laboratory strains, and DNA sequence analysis, which studies genes at the molecular level. Research in this field is on traits of ecological significance—that is, traits related to fitness, which affect an organism's survival and reproduction.
