Primary somatosensory cortexIn neuroanatomy, the primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of the brain's parietal lobe, and is part of the somatosensory system. It was initially defined from surface stimulation studies of Wilder Penfield, and parallel surface potential studies of Bard, Woolsey, and Marshall. Although initially defined to be roughly the same as Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2, more recent work by Kaas has suggested that for homogeny with other sensory fields only area 3 should be referred to as "primary somatosensory cortex", as it receives the bulk of the thalamocortical projections from the sensory input fields.
Mauthner cellThe Mauthner cells are a pair of big and easily identifiable neurons (one for each half of the body) located in the rhombomere 4 of the hindbrain in fish and amphibians that are responsible for a very fast escape reflex (in the majority of animals – a so-called C-start response). The cells are also notable for their unusual use of both chemical and electrical synapses. Mauthner cells first appear in lampreys (being absent in hagfish and lancelets), and are present in virtually all teleost fish, as well as in amphibians (including postmetamorphic frogs and toads).
Gouttière neuralevignette|Schéma de la formation de la crête neurale à partir de la plaque neurale. La gouttière neurale est le sillon qui se forme par invagination de la plaque neurale au cours de la neurulation de l'embryon chez les Chordés. Cette invagination soulève les bords de la plaque neurale qui s'épaississent en bourrelets neuraux : ces deux bords du neuroectoderme se rapprochent et s'unissent ensuite jusqu'à former le tube neural. Elle correspond à l'étape intermédiaire de la neurulation qui comporte 3 stades : plaque neurale, gouttière neurale et tube neural.
Action selectionAction selection is a way of characterizing the most basic problem of intelligent systems: what to do next. In artificial intelligence and computational cognitive science, "the action selection problem" is typically associated with intelligent agents and animats—artificial systems that exhibit complex behaviour in an agent environment. The term is also sometimes used in ethology or animal behavior. One problem for understanding action selection is determining the level of abstraction used for specifying an "act".
Basal plate (neural tube)In the developing nervous system, the basal plate is the region of the neural tube ventral to the sulcus limitans. It extends from the rostral mesencephalon to the end of the spinal cord and contains primarily motor neurons, whereas neurons found in the alar plate are primarily associated with sensory functions. The cell types of the basal plate include lower motor neurons and four types of interneuron. Initially, the left and right sides of the basal plate are continuous, but during neurulation they become separated by the floor plate, and this process is directed by the notochord.
ChordineChordine est une protéine produite dans l'organisateur de Spemann chez le Xénope et qui contribue à la dorsalisation du mésoderme et à l'induction neurale en s'opposant aux actions des protéines BMP. Chordine interagit avec BMP dans l'espace intercellulaire et l'empêche d'accéder à son récepteur. Le gène homologue chez la drosophile, appelé Sog, est, lui, exprimé ventralement ce qui explique l'inversion de l'axe de polarité dorso-ventral entre les Protostomiens et les Cordés. Épissage alternatif Catégorie:B
NeuropileNeuropil (or "neuropile") is any area in the nervous system composed of mostly unmyelinated axons, dendrites and glial cell processes that forms a synaptically dense region containing a relatively low number of cell bodies. The most prevalent anatomical region of neuropil is the brain which, although not completely composed of neuropil, does have the largest and highest synaptically concentrated areas of neuropil in the body. For example, the neocortex and olfactory bulb both contain neuropil.
Modèles du neurone biologiquevignette|390x390px|Fig. 1. Dendrites, soma et axone myélinisé, avec un flux de signal des entrées aux dendrites aux sorties aux bornes des axones. Le signal est une courte impulsion électrique appelée potentiel d'action ou impulsion. vignette|Figure 2. Évolution du potentiel postsynaptique lors d'une impulsion. L'amplitude et la forme exacte de la tension peut varier selon la technique expérimentale utilisée pour acquérir le signal.
Neuroectodermevignette|schéma d'un neuroectoderme Le neuroectoderme (ou ectoderme neural) correspond à l'ectoderme qui a reçu des signaux inhibiteurs des protéine morphogénétique de l'os (BMP) par des protéines telles que noggin ou la chordine. Les cellules ectodermiques n'étant pas exposées au BMP, ne formeront pas de tissu épidermique mais des tissus neuronales. Ce tissu conduit à la formation et au développement de la totalité du système nerveux. Le neuroectoderme conduira à la formation de : La crête neurale les mélanocytes les ganglions du système nerveux autonome les ganglions spinaux.
