Uncertain geographic context problemThe uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP) is a source of statistical bias that can significantly impact the results of spatial analysis when dealing with aggregate data. The UGCoP is very closely related to the Modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP), and like the MAUP, arises from how we divide the land into areal units. It is caused by the difficulty, or impossibility, of understanding how phenomena under investigation (such as people within a census tract) in different enumeration units interact between enumeration units, and outside of a study area over time.
Boundary problem (spatial analysis)A boundary problem in analysis is a phenomenon in which geographical patterns are differentiated by the shape and arrangement of boundaries that are drawn for administrative or measurement purposes. The boundary problem occurs because of the loss of neighbors in analyses that depend on the values of the neighbors. While geographic phenomena are measured and analyzed within a specific unit, identical spatial data can appear either dispersed or clustered depending on the boundary placed around the data.
Quantitative geographyQuantitative geography is a subfield and methodological approach to geography that develops, tests, and uses mathematical and statistical methods to analyze and model geographic phenomena and patterns. It aims to explain and predict the distribution and dynamics of human and physical geography through the collection and analysis of quantifiable data. The approach quantitative geographers take is generally in line with the scientific method, where a falsifiable hypothesis is generated, and then tested through observational studies.
Distance decayDistance decay is a geographical term which describes the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions. The distance decay effect states that the interaction between two locales declines as the distance between them increases. Once the distance is outside of the two locales' activity space, their interactions begin to decrease. It is thus an assertion that the mathematics of the inverse square law in physics can be applied to many geographic phenomena, and is one of the ways in which physics principles such as gravity are often applied metaphorically to geographic situations.
Geographic information scienceGeographic information science (GIScience, GISc) or geoinformation science is a scientific discipline at the crossroads of computational science, social science, and natural science that studies geographic information, including how it represents phenomena in the real world, how it represents the way humans understand the world, and how it can be captured, organized, and analyzed. It is a sub-field of geography, specifically part of technical geography.
Géographie économiqueLa géographie économique est la branche de la géographie humaine qui étudie la répartition spatiale et la localisation des activités économiques. La modélisation économique liée à la géographie économique est l'économie géographique, ou économie des territoires. La première clé de la géographie économique est la question des ressources naturelles : l'accès à l'eau est primordial pour l'agriculture comme la production d'énergie l'est pour l'industrie l'agriculture a besoin de terres arables et de pâtures l'industrie nécessite matières premières (minerais métalliques, pierre, silice, pétrole, bois, etc.
Espace-temps (géographie)L'espace-temps en géographie représente le temps nécessaire pour parcourir ou franchir un espace géographique, autrement dit un territoire donné. La mise en place de nouvelles infrastructures de transports permettant une plus grande vitesse provoque un raccourcissement de l'espace-temps. En géographie, la notion d'espace-temps est un néologisme datant du début de la décennie 1970. En Suède, c'est Torsten Hägerstrand qui en a forgé le concept, repris ensuite par de nombreux autres géographes.
Problème d’agrégation spatialealt=MAUP distortion example|vignette|298x298px|Un exemple de problème d'agrégation spatiale et de distorsion du calcul NOTOC Un problème d’agrégation spatiale (en anglais, modifiable areal unit problem ou MAUP) est une source de biais statistique qui peut affecter radicalement les résultats dans les tests d’hypothèses statistiques. Elle agit lorsque les mesures de phénomènes spatiaux (ex. la densité de population) sont agrégées par secteur. Les sommaires résultants (ex.
Field (geography)In the context of spatial analysis, geographic information systems, and geographic information science, a field is a property that fills space, and varies over space, such as temperature or density. This use of the term has been adopted from physics and mathematics, due to their similarity to physical fields (vector or scalar) such as the electromagnetic field or gravitational field. Synonymous terms include spatially dependent variable (geostatistics), statistical surface ( thematic mapping), and intensive property (physics and chemistry) and crossbreeding between these disciplines is common.
