Péage urbain | EPFL Graph Search

Le 'péage urbain' est un système destiné à limiter la pollution et la congestion automobile de grandes agglomérations en rendant payant l'accès automobile au centre de cette agglomération et en incitant les automobilistes à garer leurs véhicules dans des parkings relais à la périphérie et à emprunter les transports en commun. L'objectif est d’intégrer dans le coût du déplacement en voiture individuelle le coût que la collectivité supporte du fait de l’utilisation des véhicules en ville. Le péage urbain est généralement réalisé par un système de caméras de vidéosurveillance qui analyse les plaques minéralogiques des voitures qui entrent en ville et les compare avec la base de données des personnes ayant réglé le droit de péage, par exemple grâce à leurs téléphones mobiles. Les objectifs Le principe de péage urbain a été proposé par William Vickrey dans les années 1950. Le péage de financement Il fournit des moyens financiers à l’expl

Une nouvelle ressource pour la Boavista, Porto (Portugal)

Hélio Pereira

La congestion, la perte d'attractivité des centres-villes et la faible densité, concernent une grande partie des villes historiques du vieux continent. Porto en fait partie. Son centre-ville se vide au profit d'une périphérie qui ne cesse d'attirer les citadins. Afin de remédier au problème du trafic, les instances de la métropole ont entamé l'installation du métro depuis quelques années. La localisation des sites d'intervention prioritaire autour des stations montre que la Boavista est un lieu stratégique de la mobilité de Porto. En effet, ce lieu propose diverses ressources qui doivent être exploitées et complétées, afin de dynamiser la ville. Le site du projet est situé entre la Casa da musica et sa station de métro. Celui-ci est amené à accueillir une nouvelle ligne de métro. La mixité des programmes, comme les logements, les commerces, les bureaux ainsi que d'autres programmes publics liés à la mobilité devront intensifier cette parcelle de la ville, dans ce vieux tissu de Porto. Ce projet se veut dense, avec un caractère urbain parmi les îlots traditionnels de la ville. Ces derniers, à l'image d'un tissu, résultent de constructions sur les fronts des routes avec des arrières qui restent souvent des vides résiduels non contrôlés. Ce projet tente de contrôler ce vide pour en tirer parti et en faire un élément structurant. Cette démarche a pour but d'obtenir des espaces publics de qualité parmi l'intensité générée par les différentes masses de programmes et flux. La proposition est de faire de cet ensemble un îlot différent, alimenté par un métro.

2009

Environmental policies: designing acceptable road pricing and voluntary waste sorting schemes

Linda Melina Tesauro

Growing urban population implies many challenges for the municipalities in terms of mobility, housing, waste management or infrastructures. Public policies are thus needed to ensure a sustainable development. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze different environmental policies in the domain of mobility and waste management in order to help municipalities in designing more efficient measures.Firstly, Chapter 2 focuses on traffic congestion and in particular the acceptability of a congestion charge. We design a large survey with different plausible schemes for the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland and assess their acceptability with a discrete choice experiment (DCE). Results show that public support depends crucially on the policy design and the information provided. We find an important demand for exemptions and a preference for constant pricing. This implies a clear trade-off between efficiency and acceptability. However, the gap can be partly closed by information provision. Analyzing heterogeneity, we observe that preferences vary according to personal characteristics, especially where people live and how they commute.Chapter 3 analyzes the determinants of households' municipal waste sorting. We design a survey to investigate households' sorting motivation and use a DCE to assess households' waste sorting scheme preferences in the Canton of Geneva. We observe that households' waste sorting depends on personal characteristics such as sensitivity to the environment, guilty conscience or information level. However, it is the satisfaction with the existing sorting scheme that increases most the probability to sort waste. Our results show clear preferences for better infrastructures, but with thresholds. Interestingly, the best infrastructures and services are not always needed. By looking at heterogeneity and linking personal beliefs and characteristics with preferences, we find different groups sorting a similar number of categories, but with different underlying mechanisms like a lack of knowledge or a need for more convenient infrastructures and services.To complement our analysis on voluntary policies and in particular on the effectiveness of convenient infrastructures, Chapter 4 assesses a new voluntary environmental policy implemented in the Canton of Geneva and compares the results with a bag tax, a monetary incentive policy introduced in the neighboring canton, Vaud. The voluntary policy consists of the distribution to households of specific bins for organic waste to increase the sorting rate and decrease the amount of unsorted waste. We use a difference-in-differences methodology to assess the causal impact of the policy on organic waste as well as on overall waste generation. We find that the introduction of the voluntary policy increases significantly the proportion of households sorting organic waste. Interestingly, we observe some positive spillover effects on other waste sorted. By comparing the voluntary policy in the Canton of Geneva and the bag tax in the Canton of Vaud, we find similar effects on organic waste sorting. However, the impact of the voluntary policy is smaller on unsorted waste than the short-term effect of the bag tax.In conclusion, we show that price is not the only factor to consider in environmental policies. More stringent policies can be acceptable if well designed. Furthermore, the power of non-monetary incentives should not be underestimated.

EPFL2022

Time-dependent area-based pricing for multimodal systems with heterogeneous users in an agent-based environment

Nikolaos Geroliminis, Guillaume Rérat, Nan Zheng

In this paper, we investigate an area-based pricing scheme for congested multimodal urban networks with the consideration of user heterogeneity. We propose a time-dependent pricing scheme where the tolls are iteratively adjusted through a Proportional-Integral type feedback controller, based on the level of vehicular traffic congestion and traveler's behavioral adaptation to the cost of pricing. The level of congestion is described at the network level by a Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram, which has been recently applied to develop network-level traffic management strategies. Within this dynamic congestion pricing scheme, we differentiate two groups of users with respect to their value-of-time (which related to income levels). We then integrate incentives, such as improving public transport services or return part of the toll to some users, to motivate mode shift and increase the efficiency of pricing and to attain equitable savings for all users. A case study of a medium size network is carried out using an agent-based simulator. The developed pricing scheme demonstrates high efficiency in congestion reduction. Comparing to pricing schemes that utilize similar control mechanisms in literature which do not treat the adaptivity of users, the proposed pricing scheme shows higher flexibility in toll adjustment and a smooth behavioral stabilization in long-term operation. Significant differences in behavioral responses are found between the two user groups, highlighting the importance of equity treatment in the design of congestion pricing schemes. By integrating incentive programs for public transport using the collected toll revenue, more efficient pricing strategies can be developed where savings in travel time outweigh the cost of pricing, achieving substantial welfare gain. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Elsevier2016