PentarchieLa Pentarchie (du grec ancien / pentarkhía (« gouvernement de cinq personnes »), de / pénte (« cinq ») et / arkhía (« gouvernement ») est l'organisation de l'Église chrétienne autour de cinq Églises patriarcales : Rome, Constantinople, Alexandrie, Antioche et Jérusalem. L'idée de l'exercice exceptionnel d'autorité par un évêque en dehors de sa propre province romaine est déjà exprimée dans la triarchie non universelle du concile de Nicée, dans la tétrarchie du concile de Constantinople puis enfin au concile de Chalcédoine qui, en faisant de Jérusalem un siège patriarcal, crée la « Pentarchie ».
Christian martyrIn Christianity, a martyr is a person considered to have died because of their testimony for Jesus or faith in Jesus. In years of the early church, stories depict this often occurring through death by sawing, stoning, crucifixion, burning at the stake or other forms of torture and capital punishment. The word martyr comes from the Koine word μάρτυς, mártys, which means "witness" or "testimony". At first, the term applied to the Apostles. Once Christians started to undergo persecution, the term came to be applied to those who suffered hardships for their faith.
Christian pilgrimageChristianity has a strong tradition of s, both to sites relevant to the New Testament narrative (especially in the Holy Land) and to sites associated with later saints or miracles. Christian pilgrimages were first made to sites connected with the birth, life, crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus. Aside from the early example of Origen in the third century, surviving descriptions of Christian pilgrimages to the Holy Land date from the 4th century, when pilgrimage was encouraged by church fathers including Saint Jerome, and established by Saint Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great.
Christianity in the 5th centuryIn the 5th century in Christianity, there were many developments which led to further fracturing of the State church of the Roman Empire. Emperor Theodosius II called two synods in Ephesus, one in 431 and one in 449, that addressed the teachings of Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius and similar teachings. Nestorius had taught that Christ's divine and human nature were distinct persons, and hence Mary was the mother of Christ but not the mother of God.
Canon bibliqueLe canon biblique (du grec ancien κανών, kanôn signifiant « canne, roseau » et « règle ») désigne l'ensemble des textes considérés comme sacrés ayant conduit, sur plusieurs siècles, à l'établissement de la Bible par les rites juifs et les chrétiens. On distingue l'établissement ou la construction des canons de la Bible hébraïque (Tanakh), celui de la Septante et des versions en grec, celui de la Peshitta et des versions en araméen, celui du Nouveau Testament, puis les canons des Églises.
CatéchèseLa catéchèse désigne l'ensemble des actions et paroles destinées à rendre accessible le message chrétien aux enfants, aux jeunes et aux adultes afin d'étayer leur vie chrétienne. Elle est une des quatre formes essentielles de la parole au sein de la communauté chrétienne sur la foi. Les autres formes sont le kérygme (ou l'annonce brève du message chrétien), l'homélie (la prédication au cours de la liturgie) et la théologie (une explicitation documentée, rigoureuse et argumentée de la foi chrétienne).
Catholic (term)The word catholic (derived via Late Latin catholicus, from the ancient Greek adjective καθολικός () ) comes from the Greek phrase καθόλου () , and is a combination of the Greek words κατά () and ὅλος () . The first known use of "Catholic" was by the church father Saint Ignatius of Antioch in his Letter to the Smyrnaeans (circa 110 AD). In the context of Christian ecclesiology, it has a rich history and several usages. The word in English can mean either "of the Catholic faith" or "relating to the historic doctrine and practice of the Western Church".
Arian controversyThe Arian controversy was a series of Christian disputes about the nature of Christ that began with a dispute between Arius and Athanasius of Alexandria, two Christian theologians from Alexandria, Egypt. The most important of these controversies concerned the relationship between the substance of God the Father and the substance of His Son. Emperor Constantine, through the Council of Nicaea in 325, attempted to unite Christianity and establish a single, imperially approved version of the faith.
