Density estimationIn statistics, probability density estimation or simply density estimation is the construction of an estimate, based on observed data, of an unobservable underlying probability density function. The unobservable density function is thought of as the density according to which a large population is distributed; the data are usually thought of as a random sample from that population. A variety of approaches to density estimation are used, including Parzen windows and a range of data clustering techniques, including vector quantization.
Causal modelIn the philosophy of science, a causal model (or structural causal model) is a conceptual model that describes the causal mechanisms of a system. Several types of causal notation may be used in the development of a causal model. Causal models can improve study designs by providing clear rules for deciding which independent variables need to be included/controlled for. They can allow some questions to be answered from existing observational data without the need for an interventional study such as a randomized controlled trial.
Dérivation automatiqueEn mathématique et en calcul formel, la dérivation automatique (DA), également appelé dérivation algorithmique, dérivation formelle, ou auto-dérivation est un ensemble de techniques d'évaluation de la dérivée d'une fonction par un programme informatique. La dérivation automatique exploite le fait que chaque programme informatique, aussi compliqué soit-il, exécute une séquence d'opérations arithmétiques élémentaires (addition, soustraction, multiplication, division, etc.) et des fonctions élémentaires (exp, log,sin, cos, etc.
Stochastic parrotIn machine learning, a "stochastic parrot" is a large language model that is good at generating convincing language, but does not actually understand the meaning of the language it is processing. The term was coined by Emily M. Bender in the 2021 artificial intelligence research paper "On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big?" by Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Margaret Mitchell. Stochastic means "(1) random and (2) involving chance or probability".
