Medullary pyramids (brainstem)In neuroanatomy, the medullary pyramids are paired white matter structures of the brainstem's medulla oblongata that contain motor fibers of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts – known together as the pyramidal tracts. The lower limit of the pyramids is marked when the fibers cross (decussate). The ventral portion of the medulla oblongata contains the medullary pyramids. These two ridge-like structures travel along the length of the medulla oblongata and are bordered medially by the anterior median fissure.
Lemnisque médianInfobox Anatomie | Nom = Lemnisque médian | Latin = lemniscus medialis | GraySubject = 188 | GrayPage = 803 | Image = Gray759.png | Légende = Les voies nerveuses centrales sensitives (le lemnisque médian est marqué au centre à droite). | Taille = | Image2 = Gray710.png | Légende2 = Coup axiale au centre du cerveau (« e » est une portion du lemnisque médian, rejoignant le striatum'' et linsula. « a » indique aussi le lemnisque médian.
Olive bulbairevignette|Schéma animé montrant l'olive bulbaire (en vert) L’olive bulbaire (oliva medullae oblongata) est un ensemble pair de noyaux situé au niveau de la face ventro-latérale de l'extrémité rostrale du bulbe rachidien. Elle comprend un noyau principal au contour festonné dont le hile s'ouvre en arrière et en dedans, flanqué dorsalement de deux olives accessoires médiales et dorsales. L'olive bulbaire reçoit ses principales afférences par le faisceau tegmental central et le faisceau spino-olivaire, et se connecte au cervelet via le pédoncule cérébelleux inférieur.
Corne antérieureLa corne antérieure (anterior cornu selon la nomenclature latine), encore appelée colonne antérieure ou corne ventrale est la partie antérieure de la substance grise de la moelle épinière. Cette structure paire contient principalement les corps cellulaires des motoneurones alpha qui assurent l'innervation des muscles squelettiques du tronc et des membres. Sur une coupe transversale de la moelle, les cornes antérieures ont une forme arrondie ou quadrangulaire.
Area postremaThe area postrema, a paired structure in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, is a circumventricular organ having permeable capillaries and sensory neurons that enable its dual role to detect circulating chemical messengers in the blood and transduce them into neural signals and networks. Its position adjacent to the bilateral nuclei of the solitary tract and role as a sensory transducer allow it to integrate blood-to-brain autonomic functions.
Brain vesicleBrain vesicles are the bulge-like features of the early development of the neural tube in vertebrates. Vesicle formation begins shortly after anterior neural tube closure at about embryonic day 9.0 in the mouse and the fourth and fifth gestational week in human development. In zebrafish and chicken embryos, brain vesicles form by about 24 hours and 48 hours post-conception, respectively. Initially there are three primary brain vesicles: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.
Pharyngeal reflexThe pharyngeal reflex or gag reflex is a reflex muscular contraction of the back of the throat, evoked by touching the roof of the mouth, back of the tongue, area around the tonsils, uvula, and back of the throat. It, along with other aerodigestive reflexes such as reflexive pharyngeal swallowing, prevents objects in the oral cavity from entering the throat except as part of normal swallowing and helps prevent choking, and is a form of coughing. The pharyngeal reflex is different from the laryngeal spasm, which is a reflex muscular contraction of the vocal cords.
Inferior colliculusThe inferior colliculus (IC) (Latin for lower hill) is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. The inferior colliculus has three subdivisions: the central nucleus, a dorsal cortex by which it is surrounded, and an external cortex which is located laterally. Its bimodal neurons are implicated in auditory-somatosensory interaction, receiving projections from somatosensory nuclei.
Canal de l'épendymeThe central canal (also known as spinal foramen or ependymal canal) is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs through the spinal cord. The central canal lies below and is connected to the ventricular system of the brain, from which it receives cerebrospinal fluid, and shares the same ependymal lining. The central canal helps to transport nutrients to the spinal cord as well as protect it by cushioning the impact of a force when the spine is affected. The central canal represents the adult remainder of the central cavity of the neural tube.
Spinocerebellar tractThe spinocerebellar tract is a nerve tract originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the same side (ipsilateral) of the cerebellum. Proprioceptive information is obtained by Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles. Golgi tendon organs consist of a fibrous capsule enclosing tendon fascicles and bare nerve endings that respond to tension in the tendon by causing action potentials in type Ib afferents. These fibers are relatively large, myelinated, and quickly conducting.
