Bar (law)In law, the bar is the legal profession as an institution. The term is a metonym for the line (or "bar") that separates the parts of a courtroom reserved for spectators and those reserved for participants in a trial such as lawyers. In the United Kingdom, the term "the Bar" refers only to the professional organization for barristers (referred to in Scotland as advocates); the other type of UK lawyer, solicitors, have their own body, the Law Society. Correspondingly, being "called to the Bar" refers to admission to the profession of barristers, not solicitors.
Admission to practice lawAn admission to practice law is acquired when a lawyer receives a license to practice law. In jurisdictions with two types of lawyer, as with barristers and solicitors, barristers must gain admission to the bar whereas for solicitors there are distinct practising certificates. Becoming a lawyer is a widely varied process around the world. Common to all jurisdictions are requirements of age and competence; some jurisdictions also require documentation of citizenship or immigration status.
Inns of CourtLes « Inns of Court » (littéralement : auberges de la Cour), situées à Londres en Grande-Bretagne, sont des institutions de formation professionnelle destinées aux avocats-plaideurs (barristers) et juristes. Il en existe quatre exclusivement dans lesquelles les étudiants doivent s'inscrire pour préparer l'accession au Barreau (« »). Elles se répartissent d'ailleurs en circonscriptions, dans lesquelles les barristers s'entraînent mais aussi pratiquent à leur sortie de l'université.
Law societyA law society is an association of lawyers with a regulatory role that includes the right to supervise the training, qualifications, and conduct of lawyers. Where there is a distinction between barristers and solicitors, solicitors are regulated by the law societies and barristers by a separate bar council. Much has changed for law societies in recent years, with governments in Australia, New Zealand, England, Wales, and Scotland creating government sponsored regulators for lawyers (both barristers and solicitors), leaving to law societies the role of advocacy on behalf of their members.
Inner TempleL'Inner Temple fait partie de l'église du Temple fondée au par les Templiers anglais, qui devint propriété de la Couronne en 1307 après l'anéantissement de l'ordre du Temple. Par la suite, celle-ci fut donnée à l'ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem, qui loua dès 1312 le temple à Honorable Société de l'Inner Temple (en anglais The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple) qui forme deux universités d'avocats : l’Inner Temple et le Middle Temple, qui se partagèrent alors l'utilisation de l'édifice.
Admission to the bar in the United StatesAdmission to the bar in the United States is the granting of permission by a particular court system to a lawyer to practice law in the jurisdiction. Each U.S. state and jurisdiction (e.g. territories under federal control) has its own court system and sets its own rules and standards for bar admission. In most cases, a person is admitted or called to the bar of the highest court in the jurisdiction and is thereby authorized to practice law in the jurisdiction.
BarreauLe barreau est l'ordre professionnel des avocats. C'est un organisme professionnel, administratif et juridictionnel de défense et de régulation de la profession des avocats. Chaque avocat, pour exercer sa profession, doit appartenir à un barreau. Il peut se situer au niveau provincial, comme au Québec ou au niveau local. L'Ordre des avocats au Québec se nomme le Barreau du Québec, duquel tous les avocats sont membres, en plus d'un barreau de section. En Suisse, le barreau est organisé au niveau cantonal et l'on parle plus couramment du registre cantonal.
Bar councilA bar council (Comhairle an Bharra) or bar association, in a common law jurisdiction with a legal profession split between solicitors and barristers or advocates, is a professional body that regulates the profession of barristers. In such jurisdictions, solicitors are generally regulated by the law society. In common law jurisdictions with no distinction between barristers and solicitors (i.e. where there is a "fused profession"), the professional body may be called variously a Law Society, Bar Council or a bar association.
Rights of audienceIn common law, a right of audience is generally a right of a lawyer to appear and conduct proceedings in court on behalf of their client. In English law, there is a fundamental distinction between barristers, who have rights of audience in the superior court, and solicitors, who have rights of audience in the lower courts, unless a certificate of advocacy is obtained, which allows a solicitor advocate to represent clients in the superior courts also. There is no such distinction in American law.
SolliciteurLe solliciteur est un type d'avocat du qui pratique la postulation, le conseil, la rédaction d'actes sous seing privé et de pièces de procédure, la négociation immobilière, et toute autre fonction extrajudiciaire. C'est un juriste généraliste et auxiliaire de justice des pays de tradition de droit anglais, que sont le Royaume-Uni, Hong Kong, l'Irlande, l'Australie et la Nouvelle-Zélande, l'Inde, anciennement présent au Canada, mais absent aux États-Unis (voir infra).
