Gene–environment correlationGene–environment correlation (or genotype–environment correlation) is said to occur when exposure to environmental conditions depends on an individual's genotype. Gene–environment correlations (or rGE) is correlation of two traits, e.g. height and weight, which would mean that when one changes, so does the other. Gene–environment correlations can arise by both causal and non-causal mechanisms. Of principal interest are those causal mechanisms which indicate genetic control over environmental exposure.
EndophénotypeL'endophénotype est un terme d'épidémiologie génétique utilisé pour séparer les symptômes comportementaux en phénotypes plus stables ayant un lien génétique. Le concept a été inventé par Bernard Jean et Kenneth R. Lewis dans un document de 1966 tentant d'expliquer la répartition géographique des sauterelles. Ils ont prétendu que la répartition géographique n'a pu être expliquée par l'« exophénotype » apparent et externe des sauterelles, mais par leur « endophénotype » microscopique et interne.
Genes, Brain and BehaviorGenes, Brain and Behavior ou G2B (en français, Gènes, cerveau et comportement, abrégé en Genes Brain Behav.) est une revue scientifique à comité de lecture dans les domaines de la génétique comportementale, neuronale et psychiatrique. D'après le Journal Citation Reports, le facteur d'impact de ce journal était de 4,061 en 2010. Le directeur fondateur est Wim E. Crusio (CNRS et université Bordeaux-I, France). L'actuel directeur de publication est Andrew Holmes (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, États-Unis).
Étude de jumeauxLes études de jumeaux ou gémellologie (terme inventé par le médecin en 1952) font partie des modèles d'étude du comportement qui aident à mettre en évidence les rôles respectifs de l'environnement et de la génétique chez les jumeaux. Si nous observons que les enfants d'une même famille ont plus de similarités que l'on pourrait attendre de deux enfants choisis au hasard, les similarités peuvent être attribuées aux influences de l'environnement commun aux membres de la famille — classe sociale, attitude des parents, éducation, etc.
NeurogeneticsNeurogenetics studies the role of genetics in the development and function of the nervous system. It considers neural characteristics as phenotypes (i.e. manifestations, measurable or not, of the genetic make-up of an individual), and is mainly based on the observation that the nervous systems of individuals, even of those belonging to the same species, may not be identical. As the name implies, it draws aspects from both the studies of neuroscience and genetics, focusing in particular how the genetic code an organism carries affects its expressed traits.
Genetic correlationIn multivariate quantitative genetics, a genetic correlation (denoted or ) is the proportion of variance that two traits share due to genetic causes, the correlation between the genetic influences on a trait and the genetic influences on a different trait estimating the degree of pleiotropy or causal overlap. A genetic correlation of 0 implies that the genetic effects on one trait are independent of the other, while a correlation of 1 implies that all of the genetic influences on the two traits are identical.
Gene–environment interactionGene–environment interaction (or genotype–environment interaction or G×E) is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. A norm of reaction is a graph that shows the relationship between genes and environmental factors when phenotypic differences are continuous. They can help illustrate GxE interactions. When the norm of reaction is not parallel, as shown in the figure below, there is a gene by environment interaction. This indicates that each genotype responds to environmental variation in a different way.
Missing heritability problemThe missing heritability problem is the fact that single genetic variations cannot account for much of the heritability of diseases, behaviors, and other phenotypes. This is a problem that has significant implications for medicine, since a person's susceptibility to disease may depend more on the combined effect of all the genes in the background than on the disease genes in the foreground, or the role of genes may have been severely overestimated. The missing heritability problem was named as such in 2008 (after the "missing baryon problem" in physics).
Genome-wide complex trait analysisGenome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) Genome-based restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) is a statistical method for variance component estimation in genetics which quantifies the total narrow-sense (additive) contribution to a trait's heritability of a particular subset of genetic variants (typically limited to SNPs with MAF >1%, hence terms such as "chip heritability"/"SNP heritability").
Psychiatric geneticsPsychiatric genetics is a subfield of behavioral neurogenetics and behavioral genetics which studies the role of genetics in the development of mental disorders (such as alcoholism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism). The basic principle behind psychiatric genetics is that genetic polymorphisms (as indicated by linkage to e.g. a single nucleotide polymorphism) are part of the causation of psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric genetics is a somewhat new name for the old question, "Are behavioral and psychological conditions and deviations inherited?".
