SouffranceLa souffrance, ou la douleur au sens large, est une expérience de désagrément et d'aversion liée à un dommage ou à une menace de dommage chez l'individu. La souffrance est l'élément fondamental qui constitue la valence négative des phénomènes affectifs. La souffrance peut être physique ou mentale, selon qu'elle se rattache principalement à un processus somatique ou psychique dans un organisme. La douleur (comme sensation), la nausée, la détresse respiratoire, et la démangeaison sont des exemples de souffrance physique.
Pain in fishFish fulfill several criteria proposed as indicating that non-human animals may experience pain. These fulfilled criteria include a suitable nervous system and sensory receptors, opioid receptors and reduced responses to noxious stimuli when given analgesics and local anaesthetics, physiological changes to noxious stimuli, displaying protective motor reactions, exhibiting avoidance learning and making trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements.
Pain in invertebratesPain in invertebrates is a contentious issue. Although there are numerous definitions of pain, almost all involve two key components. First, nociception is required. This is the ability to detect noxious stimuli which evokes a reflex response that moves the entire animal, or the affected part of its body, away from the source of the stimulus. The concept of nociception does not necessarily imply any adverse, subjective feeling; it is a reflex action. The second component is the experience of "pain" itself, or suffering—i.
Souffrance chez les animaux sauvagesvignette|Une jeune buse à queue rousse mange un campagnol de Californie La souffrance des animaux sauvages est la souffrance vécue par les animaux non humains dans la nature par des causes telles que les maladies, les parasites, les blessures, la famine, les catastrophes naturelles, et la prédation. La souffrance des animaux sauvages a toujours été examinée dans le contexte de la philosophie de la religion comme une instance du problème du mal Plus récemment, un certain nombre de chercheurs ont examiné l'ampleur du problème à partir du point de vue de la philosophie morale et se demandent quelles mesures pourraient être prises pour la prévenir.
Pain in crustaceansPain in crustaceans is a scientific debate which questions whether they experience pain or not. Pain is a complex mental state, with a distinct perceptual quality but also associated with suffering, which is an emotional state. Because of this complexity, the presence of pain in an animal, or another human for that matter, cannot be determined unambiguously using observational methods, but the conclusion that animals experience pain is often inferred on the basis of likely presence of phenomenal consciousness which is deduced from comparative brain physiology as well as physical and behavioural reactions.
Éthique animaleL' est la branche de l'éthique qui étudie la responsabilité morale de l'espèce humaine à l’égard des autres animaux. Cette discipline se penche sur les jugements moraux qui peuvent être portés sur le traitement actuel des animaux et pose les questions de nos devoirs envers eux ainsi que de leurs éventuels droits.
Pain in amphibiansPain is an aversive sensation and feeling associated with actual, or potential, tissue damage. It is widely accepted by a broad spectrum of scientists and philosophers that non-human animals can perceive pain, including pain in amphibians. Pain is a complex mental state, with a distinct perceptual quality but also associated with suffering, which is an emotional state.
Pain in cephalopodsPain in cephalopods is a contentious issue. Pain is a complex mental state, with a distinct perceptual quality but also associated with suffering, which is an emotional state. Because of this complexity, the presence of pain in non-human animals, or another human for that matter, cannot be determined unambiguously using observational methods, but the conclusion that animals experience pain is often inferred on the basis of likely presence of phenomenal consciousness which is deduced from comparative brain physiology as well as physical and behavioural reactions.
Eradication of sufferingThe eradication or abolition of suffering is the concept of using biotechnology to create a permanent absence of involuntary pain and suffering in all sentient beings. The discovery of modern anesthesia in the 19th century was an early breakthrough in the elimination of pain during surgery, but acceptance was not universal. Some medical practitioners at the time believed that anesthesia was an artificial and harmful intervention in the body's natural response to injury.
Bien-être animalthumb|250px|alt=Poulets déplumés et entassés|Poulets en batterie. thumb|250px|Poissons rouges dans un aquarium. thumb|250px|alt=Rongeurs ébouriffés dans un aquarium sale|Hamsters dans une animalerie. Le bien-être animal est une problématique concernant l'amélioration de la condition animale en ce qu'elle est dégradée par l'utilisation et l'exploitation des animaux ; et la base de divers efforts tendant à ce que toute souffrance animale inutile soit autant que possible évitée.
