Singly and doubly even

In mathematics an even integer, that is, a number that is divisible by 2, is called evenly even or doubly even if it is a multiple of 4, and oddly even or singly even if it is not. The former names are traditional ones, derived from ancient Greek mathematics; the latter have become common in recent decades. These names reflect a basic concept in number theory, the 2-order of an integer: how many times the integer can be divided by 2. This is equivalent to the multiplicity of 2 in the prime factorization. A singly even number can be divided by 2 only once; it is even but its quotient by 2 is odd. A doubly even number is an integer that is divisible more than once by 2; it is even and its quotient by 2 is also even. The separate consideration of oddly and evenly even numbers is useful in many parts of mathematics, especially in number theory, combinatorics, coding theory (see even codes), among others. The ancient Greek terms "even-times-even" (ἀρτιάκις ἄρτιος) and "even-times-odd" (ἀρτιάκις περισσός or ἀρτιοπέριττος) were given various inequivalent definitions by Euclid and later writers such as Nicomachus. Today, there is a standard development of the concepts. The 2-order or 2-adic order is simply a special case of the p-adic order at a general prime number p; see p-adic number for more on this broad area of mathematics. Many of the following definitions generalize directly to other primes. For an integer n, the 2-order of n (also called valuation) is the largest natural number ν such that 2ν divides n. This definition applies to positive and negative numbers n, although some authors restrict it to positive n; and one may define the 2-order of 0 to be infinity (see also parity of zero). The 2-order of n is written ν2(n) or ord2(n). It is not to be confused with the multiplicative order modulo 2. The 2-order provides a unified description of various classes of integers defined by evenness: Odd numbers are those with ν2(n) = 0, i.e., integers of the form 2m + 1. Even numbers are those with ν2(n) > 0, i.e.

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Concepts associés (3)

Séances de cours associées (2)

Arf invariant

In mathematics, the Arf invariant of a nonsingular quadratic form over a field of characteristic 2 was defined by Turkish mathematician when he started the systematic study of quadratic forms over arbitrary fields of characteristic 2. The Arf invariant is the substitute, in characteristic 2, for the discriminant for quadratic forms in characteristic not 2. Arf used his invariant, among others, in his endeavor to classify quadratic forms in characteristic 2.

Ε-quadratic form

In mathematics, specifically the theory of quadratic forms, an ε-quadratic form is a generalization of quadratic forms to skew-symmetric settings and to *-rings; ε = ±1, accordingly for symmetric or skew-symmetric. They are also called -quadratic forms, particularly in the context of surgery theory. There is the related notion of ε-symmetric forms, which generalizes symmetric forms, skew-symmetric forms (= symplectic forms), Hermitian forms, and skew-Hermitian forms.

L-théorie algébrique

En mathématiques, la « L-théorie algébrique » est l'équivalent de la K -théorie pour des formes quadratiques. Le terme a été inventé par C. T. C. Wall, qui a utilisé L car c'était la lettre après le K . La théorie L algébrique, également connue sous le nom de « théorie K hermitienne », est importante dans la théorie de la chirurgie. On peut définir des L -groupes pour tout anneau d'involution R : les L -groupes quadratiques (Wall) et les L -groupes symétriques (Mishchenko, Ranicki).

Manifolds P-adique MATH-494: Topics in arithmetic geometry

Couvre le concept de variétés P-adiques et leurs propriétés analytiques dans les calculs mathématiques.

Classification des collecteurs compacts MATH-494: Topics in arithmetic geometry

Couvre la classification des variétés p-adiques compactes en utilisant la formule C.o.V et explore les variétés algébriques lisses et le lemme de Hensel.