EndocardeDans le cœur, l'endocarde est la plus interne des couches de cellules, comparable du point de vue embryologique et biologique à l'endothélium qui délimite les vaisseaux sanguins. C'est une mince membrane endothéliale qui tapisse la face interne du myocarde et qui se prolonge, en dehors du cœur, par une tunique interne des artères et des veines. Il est donc constitué d'un endothélium bordant la lumière du cœur et d'une couche conjonctive sous-endothéliale, séparés par des éléments fibreux de collagène.
Pulmonary insufficiencyPulmonary (or pulmonic) insufficiency (or incompetence, or regurgitation) is a condition in which the pulmonary valve is incompetent and allows backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle of the heart during diastole. While a small amount of backflow may occur ordinarily, it is usually only shown on an echocardiogram and is harmless. More pronounced regurgitation that is noticed through a routine physical examination is a medical sign of disease and warrants further investigation.
Cardiac examinationIn medicine, the cardiac examination, also precordial exam, is performed as part of a physical examination, or when a patient presents with chest pain suggestive of a cardiovascular pathology. It would typically be modified depending on the indication and integrated with other examinations especially the respiratory examination. Like all medical examinations, the cardiac examination follows the standard structure of inspection, palpation and auscultation.
Pulmonary valve stenosisPulmonary valve stenosis (PVS) is a heart valve disorder. Blood going from the heart to the lungs goes through the pulmonary valve, whose purpose is to prevent blood from flowing back to the heart. In pulmonary valve stenosis this opening is too narrow, leading to a reduction of flow of blood to the lungs. While the most common cause of pulmonary valve stenosis is congenital heart disease, it may also be due to a malignant carcinoid tumor.
Ballon de contre-pulsion intra-aortiquevignette|Radiographie d'un ballon de contre-pulsion intra-aortique. Le ballon de contre-pulsion intra-aortique est une technique invasive utilisée comme soutien au muscle cardiaque. C'est un dispositif temporaire introduit par l'artère fémorale et utilisé, entre autres, lorsque le cœur est en état de choc cardiogénique. Son effet est de diminuer le besoin en oxygène du cœur, d'améliorer le débit cardiaque et d'améliorer la perfusion coronaire du cœur. L'accès se fait par ponction de l'artère fémorale en utilisant la technique de Seldinger.
Cardiac skeletonIn cardiology, the cardiac skeleton, also known as the fibrous skeleton of the heart, is a high-density homogeneous structure of connective tissue that forms and anchors the valves of the heart, and influences the forces exerted by and through them. The cardiac skeleton separates and partitions the atria (the smaller, upper two chambers) from the ventricles (the larger, lower two chambers).The heart's cardiac skeleton comprises four dense connective tissue rings that encircle the mitral and tricuspid atrioventricular (AV) canals and extend to the origins of the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
Syndrome carcinoïdeCarcinoid syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome comprising the signs and symptoms that occur secondary to neuroendocrine tumors (formerly known as carcinoid tumors). The syndrome is caused by neuroendocrine tumors most often found in the gut releasing biologically active substances into the blood causing symptoms such as flushing and diarrhea, and less frequently, heart failure, vomiting and bronchoconstriction. The carcinoid syndrome occurs in approximately 10% of all neuroendocrine tumors or about 30-40% of more advanced/well developed neuroendocrine tumors.
CardiomégalieLa cardiomégalie est une augmentation anormale de la taille du cœur. Elle peut être dépistée par une radiographie thoracique de face, en position debout, montrant un index cardiothoracique supérieur à 0,5 ou 0,55. Cet index est égal au rapport entre le plus grand diamètre horizontal du cœur et le plus grand diamètre horizontal du thorax, mesurés sur une radiographie thoracique conventionnelle.
Pre-existing disease in pregnancyA pre-existing disease in pregnancy is a disease that is not directly caused by the pregnancy, in contrast to various complications of pregnancy, but which may become worse or be a potential risk to the pregnancy (such as causing pregnancy complications). A major component of this risk can result from necessary use of drugs in pregnancy to manage the disease. In such circumstances, women who wish to continue with a pregnancy require extra medical care, often from an interdisciplinary team.
