Fock stateIn quantum mechanics, a Fock state or number state is a quantum state that is an element of a Fock space with a well-defined number of particles (or quanta). These states are named after the Soviet physicist Vladimir Fock. Fock states play an important role in the second quantization formulation of quantum mechanics. The particle representation was first treated in detail by Paul Dirac for bosons and by Pascual Jordan and Eugene Wigner for fermions.
Controlled NOT gateIn computer science, the controlled NOT gate (also C-NOT or CNOT), controlled-X gate, controlled-bit-flip gate, Feynman gate or controlled Pauli-X is a quantum logic gate that is an essential component in the construction of a gate-based quantum computer. It can be used to entangle and disentangle Bell states. Any quantum circuit can be simulated to an arbitrary degree of accuracy using a combination of CNOT gates and single qubit rotations. The gate is sometimes named after Richard Feynman who developed an early notation for quantum gate diagrams in 1986.
Quantum operationIn quantum mechanics, a quantum operation (also known as quantum dynamical map or quantum process) is a mathematical formalism used to describe a broad class of transformations that a quantum mechanical system can undergo. This was first discussed as a general stochastic transformation for a density matrix by George Sudarshan. The quantum operation formalism describes not only unitary time evolution or symmetry transformations of isolated systems, but also the effects of measurement and transient interactions with an environment.
SinguletLa notion de « singulet » prend un sens différent selon qu'on l'utilise dans le domaine de la physique ou de la chimie. En physique théorique, un singulet peut faire référence à une représentation uni-dimensionnelle (par exemple une particule dont le spin disparaît). deux ou plusieurs particules corrélées de telle façon que le moment angulaire total de l'état soit égal à zéro. En physique atomique, les singulets sont fréquemment présentés comme l'une des deux façons de combiner le spin de deux électrons, l'autre étant le triplet.
SuperdéterminismeDans le contexte de la mécanique quantique, le superdéterminisme est un terme employé pour décrire une hypothétique classe de théories qui échappent au conclusions classiques du théorème de Bell par le fait qu'elles sont complètement déterministes. Les violation des inégalités de Bell sont classiquement interprétées comme caractérisant la non existence de variables cachées et par conséquent la mécanique quantique est fondamentalement indéterministe.
Quantum networkQuantum networks form an important element of quantum computing and quantum communication systems. Quantum networks facilitate the transmission of information in the form of quantum bits, also called qubits, between physically separated quantum processors. A quantum processor is a small quantum computer being able to perform quantum logic gates on a certain number of qubits. Quantum networks work in a similar way to classical networks. The main difference is that quantum networking, like quantum computing, is better at solving certain problems, such as modeling quantum systems.
Communication supraluminiqueLa communication supraluminique est un processus hypothétique au cours duquel de l'information serait envoyée à une vitesse supérieure à celle de la lumière dans le vide. Le consensus scientifique actuel rejette la possibilité d'une communication plus rapide que la lumière et cette dernière n'a été démontrée par aucune expérimentation. Elle est considérée impossible car elle impliquerait, d'après les invariances de Lorentz, la possibilité de . Cela engendrerait une panoplie de paradoxes temporels et contredirait la causalité.
Quantum foundationsQuantum foundations is a discipline of science that seeks to understand the most counter-intuitive aspects of quantum theory, reformulate it and even propose new generalizations thereof. Contrary to other physical theories, such as general relativity, the defining axioms of quantum theory are quite ad hoc, with no obvious physical intuition. While they lead to the right experimental predictions, they do not come with a mental picture of the world where they fit.
Quantum statistical mechanicsQuantum statistical mechanics is statistical mechanics applied to quantum mechanical systems. In quantum mechanics a statistical ensemble (probability distribution over possible quantum states) is described by a density operator S, which is a non-negative, self-adjoint, trace-class operator of trace 1 on the Hilbert space H describing the quantum system. This can be shown under various mathematical formalisms for quantum mechanics. One such formalism is provided by quantum logic.
Objective-collapse theoryObjective-collapse theories, also known as models of spontaneous wave function collapse or dynamical reduction models, are proposed solutions to the measurement problem in quantum mechanics. As with other theories called interpretations of quantum mechanics, they are possible explanations of why and how quantum measurements always give definite outcomes, not a superposition of them as predicted by the Schrödinger equation, and more generally how the classical world emerges from quantum theory.
