Speech repetition occurs when individuals speak the sounds that they have heard another person pronounce or say. In other words, it is the saying by one individual of the spoken vocalizations made by another individual. Speech repetition requires the person repeating the utterance to have the ability to map the sounds that they hear from the other person's oral pronunciation to similar places and manners of articulation in their own vocal tract.
Such speech imitation often occurs independently of speech comprehension such as in speech shadowing in which people automatically say words heard in earphones, and the pathological condition of echolalia in which people reflexively repeat overheard words. That links to speech repetition of words being separate in the brain to speech perception. Speech repetition occurs in the dorsal speech processing stream, and speech perception occurs in the ventral speech processing stream. Repetitions are often incorporated unawares by that route into spontaneous novel sentences immediately or after delay after the storage in phonological memory.
In humans, the ability to map heard input vocalizations into motor output is highly developed because of the copying ability playing a critical role in children's rapid expansion of their spoken vocabulary. In older children and adults, that ability remains important, as it enables the continued learning of novel words and names and additional languages. That repetition is also necessary for the propagation of language from generation to generation. It has also been suggested that the phonetic units out of which speech is made have been selected upon by the process of vocabulary expansion and vocabulary transmissions because children prefer to copy words in terms of more easily-imitated elementary units.
Vocal imitation happens quickly: words can be repeated within 250-300 milliseconds both in normals (during speech shadowing) and during echolalia.
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vignette|Diagramme illustrant la problématique d'une personne amputée d'un bras, qui est remplacé par une image en miroir : le cerveau reçoit une image artificielle du membre fantôme et met en jeu les neurones miroirs. Les neurones miroirs sont une catégorie de neurones du cerveau qui présentent une activité aussi bien lorsqu'un individu exécute une action que lorsqu'il observe un autre individu (en particulier de son espèce) exécuter la même action, ou même lorsqu'il imagine une telle action, d'où le terme miroir.
La production de la parole est un processus qui transforme les pensées en parole. Cette activité comprend la sélection des mots, l'organisation des formes grammaticales pertinentes et l'articulation des sons par le système moteur via l'appareil vocal. Cette production peut être spontanée (par exemple, quand une personne prononce des mots lors d'une conversation), réactive (par exemple, quand elle identifie une illustration ou qu'elle fait une lecture à voix haute) ou imitative (quand elle répète les mots qu'une autre personne a dits).
Language development in humans is a process starting early in life. Infants start without knowing a language, yet by 10 months, babies can distinguish speech sounds and engage in babbling. Some research has shown that the earliest learning begins in utero when the fetus starts to recognize the sounds and speech patterns of its mother's voice and differentiate them from other sounds after birth. Typically, children develop receptive language abilities before their verbal or expressive language develops.
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Speech recognition-based applications upon the advancements in artificial intelligence play an essential role to transform most aspects of modern life. However, speech recognition in real-life conditions (e.g., in the presence of overlapping speech, varyin ...
Many pathologies cause impairments in the speech production mechanism resulting in reduced speech intelligibility and communicative ability. To assist the clinical diagnosis, treatment and management of speech disorders, automatic pathological speech asses ...