A seedling is a young sporophyte developing out of a plant embryo from a seed. Seedling development starts with germination of the seed. A typical young seedling consists of three main parts: the radicle (embryonic root), the hypocotyl (embryonic shoot), and the cotyledons (seed leaves). The two classes of flowering plants (angiosperms) are distinguished by their numbers of seed leaves: monocotyledons (monocots) have one blade-shaped cotyledon, whereas dicotyledons (dicots) possess two round cotyledons. Gymnosperms are more varied. For example, pine seedlings have up to eight cotyledons. The seedlings of some flowering plants have no cotyledons at all. These are said to be acotyledons.
The plumule is the part of a seed embryo that develops into the shoot bearing the first true leaves of a plant. In most seeds, for example the sunflower, the plumule is a small conical structure without any leaf structure. Growth of the plumule does not occur until the cotyledons have grown above ground. This is epigeal germination. However, in seeds such as the broad bean, a leaf structure is visible on the plumule in the seed. These seeds develop by the plumule growing up through the soil with the cotyledons remaining below the surface. This is known as hypogeal germination.
Photomorphogenesis and Etiolation
Dicot seedlings grown in the light develop short hypocotyls and open cotyledons exposing the epicotyl. This is also referred to as photomorphogenesis. In contrast, seedlings grown in the dark develop long hypocotyls and their cotyledons remain closed around the epicotyl in an apical hook. This is referred to as skotomorphogenesis or etiolation. Etiolated seedlings are yellowish in color as chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development depend on light. They will open their cotyledons and turn green when treated with light.
In a natural situation, seedling development starts with skotomorphogenesis while the seedling is growing through the soil and attempting to reach the light as fast as possible.
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Le développement végétal est l'ensemble des changements qualitatifs dans la formation d'une plante. Il consiste en la mise en place des différents organes du végétal, appelée « organogenèse ». Le développement d'une plante vasculaire commence à partir d'un zygote l'embryogenèse, issu de la fécondation d'un ovule par un gamète mâle. Aussitôt, il commence à se diviser pour former l'embryon d'une plante grâce au processus de l'embryogenèse.
The hypocotyl (short for "hypocotyledonous stem", meaning "below seed leaf") is the stem of a germinating seedling, found below the cotyledons (seed leaves) and above the radicle (root). As the plant embryo grows at germination, it sends out a shoot called a radicle that becomes the primary root, and then penetrates down into the soil. After emergence of the radicle, the hypocotyl emerges and lifts the growing tip (usually including the seed coat) above the ground, bearing the embryonic leaves (called cotyledons), and the plumule that gives rise to the first true leaves.
vignette|Germination épigée et hypogée de la plantule. Une plantule ou jeune pousse est une jeune plante sporophyte ne comportant que quelques feuilles. Issue de l'embryon d'une graine, son développement commence avec la germination de la graine. La plantule est constituée de trois parties principales : la radicule, la tigelle, issue de l'hypocotyle, d'un collet et les cotylédons. La jeune plante fait l'objet d'un encodage Unicode : Plant Semis Germination Graine germée Catégorie:Anatomie végétale Catégorie