The hypocotyl (short for "hypocotyledonous stem", meaning "below seed leaf") is the stem of a germinating seedling, found below the cotyledons (seed leaves) and above the radicle (root). As the plant embryo grows at germination, it sends out a shoot called a radicle that becomes the primary root, and then penetrates down into the soil. After emergence of the radicle, the hypocotyl emerges and lifts the growing tip (usually including the seed coat) above the ground, bearing the embryonic leaves (called cotyledons), and the plumule that gives rise to the first true leaves. The hypocotyl is the primary organ of extension of the young plant and develops into the stem. The early development of a monocot seedling like cereals and other grasses is somewhat different. A structure called the coleoptile, essentially a part of the cotyledon, protects the young stem and plumule as growth pushes them up through the soil. A mesocotyl—that part of the young plant that lies between the seed (which remains buried) and the plumule—extends the shoot up to the soil surface, where secondary roots develop from just beneath the plumule. The primary root from the radicle may then fail to develop further. The mesocotyl is considered to be partly hypocotyl and partly cotyledon (see seed). Not all monocots develop like the grasses. The onion develops in a manner similar to the first sequence described above, the seed coat and endosperm (stored food reserve) pulled upwards as the cotyledon extends. Later, the first true leaf grows from the node between the radicle and the sheath-like cotyledon, breaking through the cotyledon to grow past it. In some plants, the hypocotyl becomes enlarged as a storage organ. Examples include cyclamen, gloxinia and celeriac. In cyclamen this storage organ is called a tuber. One of the widely used assays in the field of photobiology is the investigation of the effect of changes in light quantity and quality on hypocotyl elongation. It is frequently used to study the growth promoting vs.

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Séances de cours associées (1)
Publications associées (5)

A constitutively monomeric UVR8 photoreceptor confers enhanced UV-B photomorphogenesis

Kelvin Ka Ching Lau, Roman Podolec

The plant ultraviolet-B (UV-B) photoreceptor UVR8 plays an important role in UV-B acclimation and survival. UV-B absorption by homodimeric UVR8 induces its monomerization and interaction with the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1, leading ultimately to gene express ...
NATL ACAD SCIENCES2021

Spatially and genetically distinct control of seed germination by phytochromes A and B

Christian Fankhauser

Phytochromes phyB and phyA mediate a remarkable developmental switch whereby, early upon seed imbibition, canopy light prevents phyB-dependent germination, whereas, later on, it stimulates phyA-dependent germination. Using a seed coat bedding assay where t ...
Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press, Publications Dept2012

Competitive effects of herbaceous vegetation on tree seedling emergence, growth and survival: does gap size matter?

Alexandre Buttler, Charlotte Vandenberghe, François Frelechoux

Question: What is the effect of gap size on the seedling emergence, growth and survival of four common tree species in wooded pastures? Location: A pasture in the Jura mountains, Switzerland. Methods: Seeds were sown in a complete three-way factorial desig ...
2006
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Concepts associés (13)
Plantule
vignette|Germination épigée et hypogée de la plantule. Une plantule ou jeune pousse est une jeune plante sporophyte ne comportant que quelques feuilles. Issue de l'embryon d'une graine, son développement commence avec la germination de la graine. La plantule est constituée de trois parties principales : la radicule, la tigelle, issue de l'hypocotyle, d'un collet et les cotylédons. La jeune plante fait l'objet d'un encodage Unicode : Plant Semis Germination Graine germée Catégorie:Anatomie végétale Catégorie
Plante
Les plantes (Plantae) sont des organismes photosynthétiques et autotrophes, caractérisés par des cellules végétales. Elles forment l'un des règnes des Eukaryota. Ce règne est un groupe monophylétique comprenant les plantes terrestres. La science des plantes est la botanique, qui dans son acception classique étudie aussi les algues et les cyanobactéries (qui n'appartiennent pas au règne des Plantae). L'ancien « règne végétal » n'existe plus dans les classifications modernes (cladistes ou évolutionnistes).
Épicotyle
An epicotyl is important for the beginning stages of a plant's life. It is the region of a seedling stem above the stalks of the seed leaves of an embryo plant. It grows rapidly, showing hypogeal germination, and extends the stem above the soil surface. A common misconception is that the epicotyl, being closer to the apex of the plant, is the first part to emerge after germination - rather, the hypocotyl, the region of the stem between the point of attachment of the cotyledons and the root - forms a hook during hypogeal germination and pushes out of the soil, allowing the more delicate tissues of the plumules and apical meristem to avoid damage from pushing through the soil.
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