Indépendance des alternatives non pertinentesL'indépendance des alternatives non pertinentes (en anglais independence of irrelevant alternatives, ou IIA) est un axiome utilisé dans les sciences sociales dans le cadre de la théorie de la décision. Quoique les formulations de l'IIA varient, elles ont comme point commun d'essayer de rationaliser le comportement individuel dans une situation d'agrégation ou d'addition de préférences individuelles. L'IANP est aussi parfois appelée condition de Chernoff (du nom de Herman Chernoff), ou propriété alpha de Sen (du nom de Amartya Sen).
Participation criterionThe participation criterion is a voting system criterion. Voting systems that fail the participation criterion are said to exhibit the no show paradox and allow a particularly unusual strategy of tactical voting: abstaining from an election can help a voter's preferred choice win. The criterion has been defined as follows: In a deterministic framework, the participation criterion says that the addition of a ballot, where candidate A is strictly preferred to candidate B, to an existing tally of votes should not change the winner from candidate A to candidate B.
Majority criterionThe majority criterion is a single-winner voting system criterion, used to compare such systems. The criterion states that "if one candidate is ranked first by a majority (more than 50%) of voters, then that candidate must win". Some methods that comply with this criterion include any Condorcet method, instant-runoff voting, Bucklin voting, and plurality voting.
Condorcet loser criterionIn single-winner voting system theory, the Condorcet loser criterion (CLC) is a measure for differentiating voting systems. It implies the majority loser criterion but does not imply the Condorcet winner criterion. A voting system complying with the Condorcet loser criterion will never allow a Condorcet loser to win. A Condorcet loser is a candidate who can be defeated in a head-to-head competition against each other candidate.
Monotonicity criterionThe monotonicity criterion is a voting system criterion used to evaluate both single and multiple winner ranked voting systems. A ranked voting system is monotonic if it is neither possible to prevent the election of a candidate by ranking them higher on some of the ballots, nor possible to elect an otherwise unelected candidate by ranking them lower on some of the ballots (while nothing else is altered on any ballot). That is to say, in single winner elections no winner is harmed by up-ranking and no loser is helped by down-ranking.
Scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux toursthumb|right|Schéma du mode de scrutin majoritaire à un ou deux tours. Parmi les systèmes électoraux, le scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours est un vote simple sans pondération se déroulant sur deux tours au maximum. Dans sa version la plus courante, un candidat est élu au premier tour s'il recueille la majorité absolue, soit plus de 50 % des suffrages exprimés. Si aucun candidat n'atteint ce seuil, un second tour est organisé entre les deux candidats arrivés en tête, à l'issue duquel le candidat qui recueille la majorité relative, soit le plus de voix, est élu.
Comparison of electoral systemsComparison of electoral systems is the result of comparative politics for electoral systems. Electoral systems are the rules for conducting elections, a main component of which is the algorithm for determining the winner (or several winners) from the ballots cast. This article discusses methods and results of comparing different electoral systems, both those that elect a unique candidate in a 'single-winner' election and those that elect a group of representatives in a multiwinner election.
Vote splittingVote splitting is an electoral effect in which the distribution of votes among multiple similar candidates reduces the chance of winning for any of the similar candidates, and increases the chance of winning for a dissimilar candidate. This is commonly known as the spoiler effect, which can discourage minor party candidacies. Vote splitting most easily occurs in plurality voting (also called first-past-the-post) in which each voter indicates a single choice and the candidate with the most votes wins, even if the winner does not have majority support.
Vote cumulatifLe vote cumulatif (ou "vote par points" ou "vote par répartition de points") est un système de vote pondéré destiné à élire plusieurs candidats (scrutin plurinominal). Ce mode de scrutin est efficace pour représenter la diversité des opinions et permet d'empêcher les phénomènes de tyrannie de la majorité. Le vote cumulatif est fréquemment utilisé en gouvernance d'entreprise et est recommandé par la SEC et par diverses agences en conseil de vote dont ISS.
Scrutin uninominal majoritaire à un tourthumb|Schéma du mode de scrutin majoritaire Le scrutin uninominal majoritaire à un tour est le système électoral pour lequel il est le plus simple de déterminer l'option gagnante à partir des votes. L'électeur doit choisir un candidat parmi plusieurs. On compte alors le nombre de voix obtenues par chaque candidat. Celui qui recueille le plus de voix (majorité relative) remporte les élections. Ce système de vote est utilisé pour l'élection du président de la République dans certains pays (Cameroun, Corée du Sud, Islande, Kenya, Malawi, Mexique, Philippines, Venezuela, République démocratique du Congo, Togo, Taïwan).
