Processeur à jeu d'instructions réduit

Un processeur à jeu d'instructions réduit (en anglais RISC pour Reduced instruction set computer) est un type d'architecture de processeur qui se caractérise par un jeu d'instructions visant la rapidité d'exécution grâce à la facilité de décodage et d'exécution en pipeline des instructions machine. À la fin des années 1980 et au début des années 1990, cette stratégie permet aux microprocesseurs RISC d'obtenir de meilleures performances que les architectures anciennes, de type CISC (de l'anglais complex instruction-set computer). En effet, les grandes différences de taille, de temps de décodage et de temps d'exécution des instructions s'opposaient à des optimisations de type dit « pipeline ». La sortie d'architectures hybrides comme le Pentium Pro (CISC émulé par du RISC) a mis fin, par disparition de repères, à cette guerre qui était thumb|Un processeur HP PA-RISC 7150. Principe À partir de 1970, la programmation symbolique s'était étendue et les machines s'étaient di

Processeur à haut degré de parallélisme basé sur des composantes sérielles

Ralph Hoffmann

Nowaday, the world of processors is still dominated by the RISC architectures, which foundations have been laid down in the 70's. The RISC concept may be summarized by one word : simplicity. With this concept, much simpler architectures are born, in particular from their instruction sets point of view. As a result, these architectures have a more efficient instruction decoding and smaller computing units which in turn provides the ability to have more of these units for the same price, a reduced clock per instruction ratio — a single cycle per instruction ideally — and increased clock frequencies. As time goes by, RISC architectures have shown outstanding performances, on one hand with the spectacular improvements of semiconductor technologies, and on the other hand with the use of large cache memories and with the development of new ways of execution such as speculative execution. Later developments have greatly altered the original spirit of the simplicity of the RISC concept. Current high performance processors are extremely complex and difficult to design. Moreover, semiconductor technologies begin to show serious problems ignored or neglected for a long time. In this thesis, we would like to introduce a new architecture. Two complementary aspects have been taken in consideration : the design of the processor's units (arithmetic operators, control logic, and so on) and the architectural model, the way the processing units are used. The first aspect has been addressed with an unusual and original approach which involves the use of the serial arithmetic principles. Serial arithmetic tends to reduce the hardware cost, enables higher clock rates, and shows interesting properties which will be developped later on. The research of an architectural model is driven by the same wish of simplicity, recurrent in this field, and will inevitably shift the complexity from the processor to the compiler. This simplification relies on two things : first, the way we think of the problem is inspired by the EPIC philosophy (Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computer), the latest offspring of the VLIW model which advocates the delegation of decisions from the hardware to the software. In one sentence, "the compiler decides, the hardware executes". Second, the way we act has been given by the TTA model (Transport Triggered Architecture), the last offspring of the MOVE model which not only removes from the processor the responsability to decide which processing unit to be used for each instruction (it's already the case in a VLIW processor), but also releases the processor from scheduling the data flows. In doing so, the processor is confined to provide a set of computing units, storage units and means of communication, and the compiler decides how to move the data. In this way, a part of the control logic is removed, communication resources may be fine-tuned and the compiler's code-optimization can be enhanced. With the combination of those elements, we wish to get an architecture which exhibits a better computing power/consumption ratio, which is more flexible, easier to developp and to evolve.

EPFL2004

Enhancing Design Space Exploration by Extending CPU/GPU Specifications onto FPGAs

Andreas Peter Burg, João Maria Duarte Andrade, Gabriel Falcao Paiva Fernandes, Paolo Ienne, Georgios Karakonstantis, David Novo Bruna, Madhura Purnaprajna

The design cycle for complex special-purpose computing systems is extremely costly and time-consuming. It involves a multiparametric design space exploration for optimization, followed by design verification. Designers of special purpose VLSI implementations often need to explore parameters, such as optimal bitwidth and data representation, through time-consuming Monte Carlo simulations. A prominent example of this simulation-based exploration process is the design of decoders for error correcting systems, such as the Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes adopted by modern communication standards, which involves thousands of Monte Carlo runs for each design point. Currently, high-performance computing offers a wide set of acceleration options that range from multicore CPUs to Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The exploitation of diverse target architectures is typically associated with developing multiple code versions, often using distinct programming paradigms. In this context, we evaluate the concept of retargeting a single OpenCL program to multiple platforms, thereby significantly reducing design time. A single OpenCL-based parallel kernel is used without modifications or code tuning on multicore CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs. We use SOpenCL (Silicon to OpenCL), a tool that automatically converts OpenCL kernels to RTL in order to introduce FPGAs as a potential platform to efficiently execute simulations coded in OpenCL. We use LDPC decoding simulations as a case study. Experimental results were obtained by testing a variety of regular and irregular LDPC codes that range from short/medium (e.g., 8,000 bit) to long length (e.g., 64,800 bit) DVB-S2 codes. We observe that, depending on the design parameters to be simulated, on the dimension and phase of the design, the GPU or FPGA may suit different purposes more conveniently, thus providing different acceleration factors over conventional multicore CPUs.

Assoc Computing Machinery2015

Processeur à haut degré de parallélisme basé sur des composantes sérielles

Ralph Hoffmann

EPFL2004

Enhancing Design Space Exploration by Extending CPU/GPU Specifications onto FPGAs

Andreas Peter Burg, João Maria Duarte Andrade, Gabriel Falcao Paiva Fernandes, Paolo Ienne, Georgios Karakonstantis, David Novo Bruna, Madhura Purnaprajna

Assoc Computing Machinery2015