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Concept

Courant de Birkeland

Résumé

Un courant de Birkeland est un courant électrique dans un plasma spatial, ou plus précisément, lorsque des particules chargées dans le courant suivent les lignes de champ magnétique en spiralant. L'accélération qui en résulte le long des lignes de champ magnétique donne leur nom de « courants alignés » aux courants de Birkeland. Ils sont causés par le mouvement d'un plasma perpendiculaire au champ magnétique. La planète Terre est exposée aux vents solaires ; on nomme Courant de Birkeland l'un des principaux système de courants géophysiques induits par l'énergie reçue du soleil par la Terre ; ce sont les courants alignés résultant de , en donnant les « courants ionosphériques auroraux » ou « électrojets auroraux », qui (et des orages géomagnétiques). Histoire Si la terre a une magnétosphère ouverte avec des lignes de champ reliées au vent solaire, elle produit aussi une dynamo fluide de cette sorte. Dans un plasma, l’électricité s’écoule facilement le long des ligne

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant_de_Birkeland

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Cours associés (2)

This course completes the knowledge in plasma physics that students have acquired in the previous two courses, with a discussion of different applications, in the fields of magnetic confinement and controlled fusion, astrophysical and space plasmas, and societal and industrial applications.

Following an introduction of the main plasma properties, the fundamental concepts of the fluid and kinetic theory of plasmas are introduced. Applications concerning laboratory, space, and astrophysical plasmas are discussed throughout the course.

Cours associés

Chargement

Séances de cours associées (3)

Séances de cours associées

Chargement

Intermittent blobs, which propagate across a confining magnetic fields, are universally observed in natural and laboratory plasmas. In fusion plasmas, cross-field transport of particles and energy are associated, at least in part, with the propagation of blobs, which are therefore of great importance for the design of future fusion reactors. In TORPEX, blobs are generated from ideal interchange modes and, driven by B and curvature-induced charge separation, propagate radially outwards. An analytical blob speed-versus–size scaling, including cross-field ion polarization currents, cross-field ion currents due to neutral friction and parallel currents to the sheath, shows quantitative agreement with the experimental data. This suggests that the blob radial velocity is determined by the available current paths (parallel or cross-field currents) to damp charge separation. To confirm this interpretation, we perform direct two dimensional measurements of the field-aligned current associated with blobs, whose ends terminate on a conducting limiter. A dipolar structure of the current density is measured, which originates from ∇B and curvature induced polarization of the blob and is consistent with sheath boundary conditions. The dipole is strongly asymmetric due to the nonlinear dependence of the current density at the sheath edge upon the floating potential. This results in a net current flowing to the limiter. The relevance of the current density asymmetry to filaments observed during edge localized modes is also discussed. For the first time, we directly demonstrate the existence of two regimes, as suggested by the scaling law, in which parallel currents to the sheath do or do not significantly damp charge separation and thus reduce the blob radial speed. Finally, we report on methods to influence and control blob dynamics, such as varying the blob connection length or the use of poloidal arrays of biased electrodes. This work was supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation.

2011

Chargement

Intermittent convective transport caused by blobs is universally observed at the edge of laboratory plasmas and it is of great importance for future fusion reactors. We present recent advances in the basic study of blob formation and propagation dynamics and related universal properties in TORPEX simple magnetized plasmas. Blobs are generated from quasi-coherent interchange modes and, driven by ∇B and curvature-induced charge separation, propagate radially outwards. Depending on the regime, their velocity is determined by the available current paths (parallel or cross-field currents) to damp charge separation. In TORPEX, regimes dominated by either of the two current paths are achieved by varying the ion mass. An analytical expression for the blob velocity including cross-field ion polarization currents, cross-field ion currents due to neutral friction and parallel currents to the sheath is derived and shows good quantitative agreement with the experimental data. To confirm this interpretation, we show preliminary direct measurements of the 2D structure of the blob-induced parallel current using magnetic probes. Parallel blob dynamics are further studied with a Mach probe, revealing the convection of parallel momentum by blobs. Finally, the intermittency associated with blobs results in universal properties of plasma fluctuations, such as the skewness-versuskurtosis diagram, which is here extended to fluctuations of plasma potential and electron temperature.

2010

Chargement

, , ,

In simple magnetized toroidal plasmas, field-aligned blobs originate from ideal interchange waves and propagate radially outward under the effect of

\grad B

and curvature induced

E \times B

drifts. We report on the first experimental two-dimensional measurements of the field-aligned current associated with blobs, whose ends terminate on a conducting limiter. A dipolar structure of the current density is measured, which originates from

\grad B

and curvature induced polarization of the blob and is consistent with sheath boundary conditions. The dipole is strongly asymmetric due to the nonlinear dependence of the current density at the sheath edge upon the floating potential. Furthermore, we directly demonstrate the existence of two regimes, in which parallel currents to the sheath do or do not significantly damp charge separation and thus blob radial velocity.

2011

Chargement

, , ,

In simple magnetized toroidal plasmas, field-aligned blobs originate from ideal interchange waves and propagate radially outward under the effect of

\grad B

and curvature induced

E \times B

\grad B

2011