Westward Expansion Trails

In the history of the American frontier, pioneers built overland trails throughout the 19th century, especially between 1829 and 1870, as an alternative to sea and railroad transport. These immigrants began to settle much of North America west of the Great Plains as part of the mass overland migrations of the mid-19th century. Settlers emigrating from the eastern United States did so with various motives, among them religious persecution and economic incentives, to move from their homes to destinations further west via routes such as the Oregon, California, and Mormon Trails. After the end of the Mexican–American War in 1849, vast new American conquests again encouraged mass immigration. Legislation like the Donation Land Claim Act and significant events like the California Gold Rush further encouraged settlers to travel overland to the west. Two major wagon-based transportation networks, one typically starting in Missouri and the other in the Mexican province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, served the majority of settlers during the era of Westward expansion. Three of the Missouri-based routes—the Oregon, California, and Mormon Trails—were collectively known as the Emigrant Trails. Historians have estimated at least 500,000 emigrants used these three trails between 1843 and 1869, and despite growing competition from transcontinental railroads, some use even continued into the early 20th century. The major southern routes were the Santa Fe, Southern Emigrant, and Old Spanish Trails, as well as its wagon road successor the Mormon Road, a southern spur of the California Trail used in the winter that also made use of the western half of the Old Spanish Trail. Regardless of the trail used, the journey was often slow and arduous, fraught with risks from infectious diseases, dehydration, malnutrition, cholera, highwaymen, Indian attacks, injury, and harsh weather, with as many as one in ten travelers dying along the way, usually as a result of disease.

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Concepts associés (7)

Piste de la Californie

La Piste de Californie (California Trail) était au milieu du une route d'émigration américaine importante allant du Missouri à la Californie. Elle fut utilisée par et chercheurs d'or durant la ruée vers l'or, jusqu'à l'ouverture du premier chemin de fer transcontinental à la fin des années 1860. La piste débutait ou finissait en Californie en plusieurs sentiers, selon le sens emprunté.

Conquête de l'Ouest

vignette|Paul Kane, Camping on the Prairie, huile sur papier imprimée en 1846. La scène montre Paul Kane (1810-1871) accompagné de son guide dans les Grandes Plaines du Dakota. vignette|American Progress. Représentation de la conquête de l'Ouest américain en 1872 par John Gast. La conquête de l'Ouest est le processus de colonisation, par des populations essentiellement d'origine européenne et le gouvernement des États-Unis au , des immenses territoires qui s'étendent en Amérique du Nord entre le Mississippi et l'océan Pacifique, habités jusqu'alors par les peuples dits amérindiens.