Spectrométrie d'absorption atomique

thumb|un spectromètre d'absorption atomique. En chimie analytique, la spectrométrie d'absorption atomique (Atomic absorption spectroscopy en anglais ou SAA) est une technique de spectroscopie atomique servant à déterminer la concentration des éléments métalliques (métaux alcalins, alcalino-terreux, métaux de transition) ainsi que les métalloïdes dans un échantillon. Ceux-ci sont atomisés à l'aide d'une flamme alimentée d'un mélange de gaz ou d'un four électromagnétique. La sensibilité de ce dernier est plus importante que la flamme et permet de quantifier les éléments recherchés de l'ordre du ppb. En 2010, c'est une méthode monoélémentaire, chaque élément à doser necessite une source de lumière caractéristique. Elle fait partie des méthodes classiques d’analyse en chimie analytique. Basée sur des méthodes optiques, elle conduit aussi bien à des résultats qualitatifs qu'à des données quantitatives. L'absorption est utilisée généralement pour faire un dosage, l'élément est connu, on dét

Accurate, Stable and Efficient Modal Calculations of Photoelectrically Useful Absorption in Lamellar Metallic and Semiconductor Diffraction Gratings

David Isaak Gablinger

Solar energy has seen tremendous advances in the past years. For thin film photovoltaics, which use less of the expensive semiconductor materials, insufficient light absorption can be a limiting factor. It is hoped that by using diffractive optics to improve the light absorption, the cost per Watt could sink. Correspondingly, the optics of such structures need to compensate for the low absorption by high (structural) resonance, which is challenging to calculate. To estimate optimal structures, a numerical method should be able to assess feasible structures with widely varying geometries quickly. Modal methods allow for an efficient analysis of structures with varying height through the separation of eigenvalue and boundary value problem. First, the thesis aspires to further develop the modal methods for the calculation of optical properties of layered structures containing weakly absorbing metals and semiconductors. Second, the thesis aims to calculate absorption enhancements in idealized, prototypical structures by applying the newly developed methods. The calculations should only depend on material parameters and not contain additional assumptions. These absorption enhancements are not tied to a priori assumptions such as mode couplings, but they solely follow the physics of the structure investigated. The first part of the thesis is concerned with the methodical improvements. A first emphasis is put on studying peculiar properties of the eigenvalue problem, and on new developments of methods to solve it within a layer. Furthermore, it shows several variants for the numerical implementation of the eigenvalue problem. This part includes a new method to calculate the eigenvalues that can be adapted to two dimensional grating problems of arbitrary shape. The new method integrates the eigenvalue problem by making use of a two point trapezoidal formula, and satisfies the boundary condition between different materials exactly. It is energy conserving and the rate of convergence depends on the approximation order. The eigenvalues show a monotonic convergence that allows for extrapolation. The second methodical emphasis is placed on variants of the implementation of the boundary value problem that connects the grating to the incoming and outgoing plane waves. This algorithm describes the propagation of the incident energy to the semiconductor layer and the substrate by solving a non-recursive and numerically stable system of linear equations. A novel variant reduces the bandwidth of the corresponding matrix by a third. The third part of the thesis concerns calculations using the improved methods. First, the improved calculations are verified by showing that the energy conservation of the modal method, as well as the well-behavedness of the condition number of the calculation. Next, numerical results for the new methods are compared to results from the literature for analytic modal methods, and a comparison with existing software is made. Thereafter, the interface plasmons occuring for H polarization are investigated. In the last part of the thesis, calculations are made for the material specific absorption of light in metallic gratings covered by semiconductors, with a special interest in the absorption in the semiconductor. Here, the spectra for rectangular, sinusoidal gratings, and asymmetric gratings are calculated, and the absorption improvement is investigated through an analysis of the involved modes.

EPFL2016

Attosecond transient absorption spooktroscopy: a ghost imaging approach to ultrafast absorption spectroscopy

Andre Al Haddad, Christoph Bostedt, Jonas Knurr, Siqi Li

The recent demonstration of isolated attosecond pulses from an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) opens the possibility for probing ultrafast electron dynamics at X-ray wavelengths. An established experimental method for probing ultrafast dynamics is X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy, where the X-ray absorption spectrum is measured by scanning the central photon energy and recording the resultant photoproducts. The spectral bandwidth inherent to attosecond pulses is wide compared to the resonant features typically probed, which generally precludes the application of this technique in the attosecond regime. In this paper we propose and demonstrate a new technique to conduct transient absorption spectroscopy with broad bandwidth attosecond pulses with the aid of ghost imaging, recovering sub-bandwidth resolution in photoproduct-based absorption measurements.

ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY2020

Accurate, Stable and Efficient Modal Calculations of Photoelectrically Useful Absorption in Lamellar Metallic and Semiconductor Diffraction Gratings

David Isaak Gablinger

EPFL2016

Spectrométrie d'absorption atomique

Accurate, Stable and Efficient Modal Calculations of Photoelectrically Useful Absorption in Lamellar Metallic and Semiconductor Diffraction Gratings

Implementation of a continuum UV probe for transient absorption measurements

Attosecond transient absorption spooktroscopy: a ghost imaging approach to ultrafast absorption spectroscopy

Attosecond transient absorption spooktroscopy: a ghost imaging approach to ultrafast absorption spectroscopy

Accurate, Stable and Efficient Modal Calculations of Photoelectrically Useful Absorption in Lamellar Metallic and Semiconductor Diffraction Gratings

Implementation of a continuum UV probe for transient absorption measurements