Retraite (économie)

La retraite est la période de la vie d’un travailleur où, après s’être retiré de la vie active, il continue de toucher régulièrement une somme d’argent à titre de pension. L'essentiel de ses revenus proviendra alors d'une rente le plus souvent viagère, de son patrimoine accumulé au cours de la vie active, d'une aide sociale accordées aux personnes âgées, etc. Chaque société a ses propres coutumes, éventuellement inscrites dans une loi ou dans la constitution, fixant les conditions dans lesquelles on peut (diverses conditions d'âge, de participation financière à un système légal, état de santé, maternité, handicap, invalidité…) ou même on doit (limite d'âge) prendre sa retraite, et les sommes qui seront versées. Des systèmes de financement sont mis en place dans la plupart des pays, fondés sur :

l'aide sociale (transferts sociaux) ;
la solidarité inter-générationnelle (base de la retraite par répartition) ;
l'épargne (retraite par capitalisation, assurance-vie…) mélangées en p

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Strategies for regional integration of electricity supply in West Africa

Denis Bednyagin, Jun Dong, Edgard Gnansounou

To improve peoples’ living conditions in West African countries national governments have to considerably reinforce the electricity supply infrastructures. Rehabilitation of the existing installations and construction of new power generation facilities and transmission lines require substantial resources which are tremendously difficult to raise due to the region's specific economical and political conditions. This paper examines the long-term prospects for integrated development of the regional electricity industry and evaluates its advantages by using PLANELEC-Pro, a “bottom-up” electricity system expansion planning optimisation model. The evolution of regional electricity market is analysed on the basis of two strategies. The “autarkical” strategy consists in adequate expansion of national power generation systems and the exchanges of electricity between the countries in sub-zones. Another approach referred to as “integration” strategy is recommended in this article. It leads to fast retirement of the obsolete power plants and the integration of new investment projects at the level of whole West African sub-region. The main finding is that the regional integration strategy is capable to bring about additional benefits in terms of reduced capital expenditures, lower electricity supply cost and the enhanced system's reliability compared to the autarkical strategy.

2007

Chargement

Closing down the shop: Optimal health and wealth dynamics near the end of life

Julien Hugonnier, Florian Pelgrin, Pascal St-Amour

Near the end of life, health declines, mortality risk increases, and curative care is replaced by uninsured long-term care, accelerating the fall in wealth. Whereas standard explanations emphasize inevitable aging processes, we propose a complementary closing down the shop justification where agents' decisions affect their health and the timing of death. Despite preferring to live, individuals optimally deplete their health and wealth towards levels associated with high death risk and gradual indifference between life and death. Reinstating exogenous aging processes reinforces the relevance of closing down. Using Health and Retirement Study-Consumption and Activities Mail Survey data for elders, a structural estimation of the closed-form decisions identifies, tests, and confirms the relevance of closing down.

WILEY2020

Chargement

Young firms and innovation: A microeconometric analysis

Gabriele Pellegrino

This paper discusses the sources of product innovation in young innovative companies (YICs), here defined as firms engaged in product innovation and with less than 8 years of activity. In particular, we look at in-house and external R&D and at the acquisition of external technology in its embodied and disembodied components. These inputâoutput relationships are tested on a sample of 2713 innovative Italian firms. A sample-selection approach is applied to study both the determinants of product innovation and the factors affecting the intensity of innovation.

2012

Chargement

Épargne retraite

L'épargne retraite représente l’ensemble des contrats d’investissements financiers permettant la constitution d’une épargne lors de la vie active, en vue de disposer d’une rente à la retraite. C'est

Assurance

Une assurance est un service qui fournit une prestation lors de la survenance d'un événement incertain et aléatoire souvent appelé « risque ». La prestation, généralement financière, peut être destiné

Protection sociale

La protection sociale est l'ensemble des mécanismes de prévoyance collective qui permettent aux individus ou aux ménages de faire face financièrement aux conséquences des risques sociaux, c'est-à-di

FIN-416: Interest rate and credit risk models

This course gives an introduction to the modeling of interest rates and credit risk. Such models are used for the valuation of interest rate securities with and without credit risk, the management and hedging of bond portfolios and the valuation and usage of interest rate and credit derivatives.