Recherche empiriqueLa recherche empirique explore le monde sensible en s'appuyant sur l’expérimentation, l’observation, ainsi que sur un processus d'évaluation par les pairs qui permet de faire un tri dans les connaissances scientifiques produites et de ne garder, au fil du temps, que ce qui reste valide. Il existe deux types de sciences empiriques : les sciences humaines et sociales ainsi que les sciences naturelles. Le raisonnement empirique se déroule en différentes étapes qui se répètent, c'est pourquoi on parle même de cycle de raisonnement.
Statistical populationIn statistics, a population is a set of similar items or events which is of interest for some question or experiment. A statistical population can be a group of existing objects (e.g. the set of all stars within the Milky Way galaxy) or a hypothetical and potentially infinite group of objects conceived as a generalization from experience (e.g. the set of all possible hands in a game of poker). A common aim of statistical analysis is to produce information about some chosen population.
Level of measurementLevel of measurement or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables. Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales, of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. This framework of distinguishing levels of measurement originated in psychology and has since had a complex history, being adopted and extended in some disciplines and by some scholars, and criticized or rejected by others.
SPSSSPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) est un logiciel utilisé pour l'analyse statistique. C'est aussi le nom de la société qui le revend (SPSS Inc). En 2009, la compagnie décide de changer le nom de ses produits en PASW, pour Predictive Analytics Software et est rachetée par IBM pour 1,24 milliard de dollars. La première version de SPSS a été mise en vente en 1968 et fait partie des programmes utilisés pour l'analyse statistique en sciences sociales.
Blocking (statistics)In the statistical theory of the design of experiments, blocking is the arranging of experimental units that are similar to one another in groups (blocks). Blocking can be used to tackle the problem of pseudoreplication. Blocking reduces unexplained variability. Its principle lies in the fact that variability which cannot be overcome (e.g. needing two batches of raw material to produce 1 container of a chemical) is confounded or aliased with a(n) (higher/highest order) interaction to eliminate its influence on the end product.
Bias (statistics)Statistical bias, in the mathematical field of statistics, is a systematic tendency in which the methods used to gather data and generate statistics present an inaccurate, skewed or biased depiction of reality. Statistical bias exists in numerous stages of the data collection and analysis process, including: the source of the data, the methods used to collect the data, the estimator chosen, and the methods used to analyze the data. Data analysts can take various measures at each stage of the process to reduce the impact of statistical bias in their work.
Statistical theoryThe theory of statistics provides a basis for the whole range of techniques, in both study design and data analysis, that are used within applications of statistics. The theory covers approaches to statistical-decision problems and to statistical inference, and the actions and deductions that satisfy the basic principles stated for these different approaches. Within a given approach, statistical theory gives ways of comparing statistical procedures; it can find a best possible procedure within a given context for given statistical problems, or can provide guidance on the choice between alternative procedures.
Conditional probability distributionIn probability theory and statistics, given two jointly distributed random variables and , the conditional probability distribution of given is the probability distribution of when is known to be a particular value; in some cases the conditional probabilities may be expressed as functions containing the unspecified value of as a parameter. When both and are categorical variables, a conditional probability table is typically used to represent the conditional probability.
Statistique mathématiquevignette|Une régression linéaire. Les statistiques, dans le sens populaire du terme, traitent à l'aide des mathématiques l'étude de groupe d'une population. En statistique descriptive, on se contente de décrire un échantillon à partir de grandeurs comme la moyenne, la médiane, l'écart type, la proportion, la corrélation, etc. C'est souvent la technique qui est utilisée dans les recensements. Dans un sens plus large, la théorie statistique est utilisée en recherche dans un but inférentiel.
Survey samplingIn statistics, survey sampling describes the process of selecting a sample of elements from a target population to conduct a survey. The term "survey" may refer to many different types or techniques of observation. In survey sampling it most often involves a questionnaire used to measure the characteristics and/or attitudes of people. Different ways of contacting members of a sample once they have been selected is the subject of survey data collection.
