Theory-ladennessIn the philosophy of science, observations are said to be "theory-laden" when they are affected by the theoretical presuppositions held by the investigator. The thesis of theory-ladenness is most strongly associated with the late 1950s and early 1960s work of Norwood Russell Hanson, Thomas Kuhn, and Paul Feyerabend, and was probably first put forth (at least implicitly) by Pierre Duhem about 50 years earlier.
Ceteris paribusCeteris paribus (forme complète : ceteris paribus sic stantibus) est une locution latine se traduisant par : « toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs ». Elle est utilisée, par exemple, en méthodologie, en philosophie analytique, en philosophie du langage, en sciences sociales ou encore en sciences économiques, quand dans un modèle théorique l'influence de la variation d'une quantité (la variable explicative) sur une autre (la variable expliquée) est examinée à l'exclusion de tout autre facteur.
Chambre noirethumb|Dessins d'une chambre noire dans L'Encyclopédie (1772). Une chambre noire (en latin « camera obscura ») est un instrument optique objectif qui permet d'obtenir une projection de la lumière sur une surface plane, c'est-à-dire d'obtenir une vue en deux dimensions très proche de la vision humaine. Elle servait aux peintres avant que la découverte des procédés de fixation de l'image conduise à l'invention de la photographie.
Randomized experimentIn science, randomized experiments are the experiments that allow the greatest reliability and validity of statistical estimates of treatment effects. Randomization-based inference is especially important in experimental design and in survey sampling. In the statistical theory of design of experiments, randomization involves randomly allocating the experimental units across the treatment groups. For example, if an experiment compares a new drug against a standard drug, then the patients should be allocated to either the new drug or to the standard drug control using randomization.
Scholarly methodThe scholarly method or scholarship is the body of principles and practices used by scholars and academics to make their claims about the subject as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make them known to the scholarly public. It is the methods that systemically advance the teaching, research, and practice of a given scholarly or academic field of study through rigorous inquiry. Scholarship is noted by its significance to its particular profession, and is creative, can be documented, can be replicated or elaborated, and can be and is peer reviewed through various methods.
