Langue OSVUne langue OSV est, en typologie syntaxique, une langue dont les phrases suivent généralement un ordre -sujet-verbe. Malgré sa rareté, cette syntaxe a été rendue célèbre dans la culture populaire grâce à Yoda, personnage de fiction qui parle de cette façon dans l'univers Star Wars. Cet ordre est le plus rare. Les chiffres peuvent varier selon les sources, notamment car les classifications linguistiques ne sont pas toujours consensuelles. Dans son étude sur 402 langues publiée en 1986, le linguiste Russell S.
Langue OVSUne langue OVS est, en typologie syntaxique, une langue dont les phrases suivent généralement un ordre objet-verbe-sujet. Dans les études typologiques, l’ordre des mots OVS est souvent considéré comme inexistant puisqu'il représente très peu de langues. Cet ordre est le cinquième en fréquence et est représenté par 1 % des langues. Les deux ordres des verbes qui commencent avec un objet, OVS et OSV, sont les plus rares. L’ordre OVS est la deuxième plus rare, après OSV.
Scope (formal semantics)In formal semantics, the scope of a semantic operator is the semantic object to which it applies. For instance, in the sentence "Paulina doesn't drink beer but she does drink wine," the proposition that Paulina drinks beer occurs within the scope of negation, but the proposition that Paulina drinks wine does not. Scope can be thought of as the semantic order of operations. One of the major concerns of research in formal semantics is the relationship between operators' syntactic positions and their semantic scope.
Syntax–semantics interfaceIn linguistics, the syntax–semantics interface (also known as the syntax-lexical semantics interface) is the interaction between syntax and semantics. Its study encompasses phenomena that pertain to both syntax and semantics, with the goal of explaining correlations between form and meaning. Specific topics include scope, binding, and lexical semantic properties such as verbal aspect and nominal individuation, semantic macroroles, and unaccusativity. The interface is conceived of very differently in formalist and functionalist approaches.
Lexical itemIn lexicography, a lexical item is a single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words (catena) that forms the basic elements of a language's lexicon (≈ vocabulary). Examples are cat, traffic light, take care of, by the way, and it's raining cats and dogs. Lexical items can be generally understood to convey a single meaning, much as a lexeme, but are not limited to single words. Lexical items are like semes in that they are "natural units" translating between languages, or in learning a new language.
Adjective phraseAn adjective phrase (or adjectival phrase) is a phrase whose head is an adjective. Almost any grammar or syntax textbook or dictionary of linguistics terminology defines the adjective phrase in a similar way, e.g. Kesner Bland (1996:499), Crystal (1996:9), Greenbaum (1996:288ff.), Haegeman and Guéron (1999:70f.), Brinton (2000:172f.), Jurafsky and Martin (2000:362). The adjective can initiate the phrase (e.g. fond of steak), conclude the phrase (e.g. very happy), or appear in a medial position (e.g.
Cercle linguistique de PragueLe cercle linguistique de Prague ou « école de Prague » (en tchèque Pražský lingvistický kroužek) était sous sa forme originale un groupe de critique littéraire et de linguistique influent du . Ses membres ont développé des méthodes de critique littéraire sémiotique de 1928 à 1952 qui ont eu une influence significative et durable en linguistique et sémiotique. De nos jours, le cercle linguistique de Prague est une association qui vise à contribuer à la connaissance de la langue et de ses systèmes de signes associés selon des principes structurels–fonctionnels.
Relational grammarIn linguistics, relational grammar (RG) is a syntactic theory which argues that primitive grammatical relations provide the ideal means to state syntactic rules in universal terms. Relational grammar began as an alternative to transformational grammar. In relational grammar, constituents that serve as the arguments to predicates are numbered in what is called the grammatical relations (GR) hierarchy. This numbering system corresponds loosely to the notions of subject, direct object and indirect object.
Pied-pipingIn linguistics, pied-piping is a phenomenon of syntax whereby a given focused expression brings along an encompassing phrase with it when it is moved. The term was introduced by John Robert Ross in 1967. It references the legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin, where a piper lured rats and children away from their town. In syntactic pied-piping, a focused expression (such as an interrogative word) pulls its host phrase with it when it moves to its new position in the sentence.
Negative inversionIn linguistics, negative inversion is one of many types of subject–auxiliary inversion in English. A negation (e.g. not, no, never, nothing, etc.) or a word that implies negation (only, hardly, scarcely) or a phrase containing one of these words precedes the finite auxiliary verb necessitating that the subject and finite verb undergo inversion. Negative inversion is a phenomenon of English syntax. Other Germanic languages have a more general V2 word order, which allows inversion to occur much more often than in English, so they may not acknowledge negative inversion as a specific phenomenon.
