Baie de San Francisco

La baie de San Francisco (en anglais : San Francisco Bay) se situe sur la côte ouest des États-Unis dans l'État de Californie. Elle est un estuaire peu profond dans lequel débouchent des eaux drainant approximativement 40 % de la Californie, provenant notamment des fleuves Sacramento et San Joaquin prenant source dans la chaîne de la Sierra Nevada avant de se jeter dans l'océan Pacifique. Plus précisément, ces deux fleuves débouchent dans la baie Suisun, qui donne sur le détroit de Carquinez pour rejoindre la Napa River à l'entrée de la baie de San Pablo, qui est elle-même connectée au sud à la baie de San Francisco, mais l'ensemble de ces baies est en général désigné comme « la baie de San Francisco ». Superficie On estime que la baie couvre une superficie comprise entre et , la différence entre les deux données correspondant aux sous-baies, estuaires, marécages et autres ensembles qui la bordent. La partie principale de la baie mesure de 5 à de large de l'est à l'ou

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Decadal shoreline erosion and recovery of beaches in modified and natural estuaries

Vincent Henri De Staercke

Sandy beaches in estuaries and bays (BEBs) are common landforms on the coasts of many major cities. They exist under a wide range of settings and their morphology is controlled by their distance from the estuary/bay entrance, exposure to different types of waves (e.g., ocean swells vs locally generated wind waves), proximity to flood-tide delta/shoals, and anthropogenic interventions (e.g., dredging, groynes). Both swell waves propagating into estuaries/bays and locally generated wind waves can erode BEBs. However, more understanding of BEB storm erosion and recovery over decadal timescales is needed, as they typically respond slower than open coast beaches. Here we present decadal shoreline behaviours of nine BEBs from two estuarine systems in SE Australia are presented in this study, using 76 years of aerial imagery (1941-2017). We quantify and compare decadal behaviour between beaches, developing a new typology of BEBs based on shoreline evolution. We identify four decadal behaviours: prograding, quasi-stable, retreating and storm relict - and assess the influence of flood-tide deltas, river mouths, distance from the ocean entrance, and anthropogenic interventions. Swell-exposed BEBs near the entrance are quasi stable and recover after storms at rates comparable with open coast beaches (

ELSEVIER2021

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Exploring the energy use drivers of 10 cities at microscale level

Aristide Henri Roger Athanassiadis, Franziska Meinherz, João Vitor Meirelles de Miranda

Cities are responsible for the predominant share of anthropogenic environmental pressures. Recently, consistent methodologies to measure the metabolism of cities have been developed in order to enhance comparability between case studies and enable cross-city comparisons at the macro-scale. This comparison illustrated potential factors and drivers explaining macro-scale differences between cities. However, such studies rely on very few data points and look at cities as homogenous entities omitting their complex functioning. When looking at the relationships between urban characteristics and metabolic flows at smaller spatial scales, drivers appear to be different than in macroscopic analyses, pointing towards the importance of taking microscale urban heterogeneity into account. The aim of this paper is to improve our understanding of these effects by analyzing the relationship between energy use and various urban indicators at a microscale level for ten cities (Brussels, Buenos Aires, Cape Town, Chicago, Glasgow, London, Los Angeles, Milan, New York City and San Francisco).

Elsevier2017

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Tidal networks 1. Automatic network extraction and preliminary scaling features from digital terrain maps

Andrea Rinaldo

We propose a method of automatic extraction of the tidal channel network from topographic data of marsh and tidal flat lands that uses a combination of a threshold elevation and threshold curvature. Not only the location but also the area of the channel bed is identified. This method differs substantially from that used to identify terrestrial channel networks, and it successfully predicts all of the main channels and nearly all of the smaller tributaries of the channel networks derived from SPOT imagery of the northern Venice Lagoon. Channel network maps of Venice and other sites (Petaluma Marsh in the San Francisco Bay and Barnstable Marsh in Massachusetts) were examined for scaling properties. Because of the large width of the channels relative to a characteristic length of their drainage area, we had to develop procedures for automatically delineating channel width and then for identifying the skeleton of the channel network (the pattern connecting the loci of the channel centerlines) for box-counting analysis. Box-counting dimensions of the network skeleton proved site-dependent and showed finite-size effects. Because of the large widths we also performed a scaling analysis based on the proportions of the total channel bed area occupied by the tidal networks (i.e., a 'fat' fractal analysis). This analysis showed a strong break in scaling between large and small channels. These analyses suggest that tidal channels differ significantly in their scaling relationships from terrestrial systems. In subsequent papers [Rinaldo et al., this issue (a), (b)] we pursue this point much further.

1999

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ENV-167: Introduction to environmental engineering

This introduction to Enviromental Engineering is meant to show the students how upcoming courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and other areas will be used to gain a scientific understanding of environmental problems and then help to solve them.

CIVIL-438: Risk analysis and management

Le cours vise à donner les outils permettant d'appréhender de manière fondée et scientifique la question de l'analyse et de la gestion des risques technologiques et naturels, avec une attention particulière portée au domaine du Génie civil.

ENV-400: Air pollution and climate change

A survey course describing the origins of air pollution and climate change

San Francisco

San Francisco (signifiant en espagnol, prononcé en anglais américain : et en français ), officiellement « ville et comté de San Francisco » (en anglais : « City and County of San Francisco »), est u

Région de la baie de San Francisco

La région de la baie de San Francisco (San Francisco Bay Area) est une aire urbaine aux particularités géographiques variées entourant la baie de San Francisco, en Californie du Nord. Elle accueille

Pont du Golden Gate

vignette|Photo prise sur la rive nord du Golden Gate Bridge Le pont du Golden Gate (, « Pont de la Porte dorée ») est un pont suspendu américain situé dans l'État de Californie, traversant le Golden