Fibre synthétique

Résumé

thumb|Bobines de fils de polyester. Dans le textile, la fibre synthétique est une fibre (ou un fil) produite à partir de matière(s) synthétique(s). Une matière synthétique est une matière obtenue par synthèse de composés chimiques. Ces derniers viennent presque exclusivement d'hydrocarbures ou plus récemment d'amidon. thumb|Fabrication de Perlon, une fibre polyamide, en Allemagne de l'Est en 1959. L'idée de fabriquer des fibres synthétiques date de Robert Hooke en 1664. En 1713, René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur réussit à filer la première fibre de verre et suggéra en 1735 de former des fibres à partir de vernis liquide. En 1883, Sir Joseph Swan forma des fibres à partir d'une solution de nitrocellulose (dans de l'acide acétique) et d'alcool, créant ainsi le premier processus de en formant de longues fibres continues. La soie synthétique date de 1855 lorsque Georges Audemars découvre une méthode permettant de fabriquer du nitrate de cellulose. La première fibre plastique commercialisée en 1938 est le nylon. Depuis de nombreux tissus synthétiques sont apparus : les fibres acryliques, l'aramide, les polyoléfines et le polyester. On connaît moins les secrets de fabrication des fibres synthétiques destinées à des applications particulières, telles que les fibres de verre, fibres de carbone, fibres céramiques, fibres de matériaux d'isolation, ou pour la fabrication de tissus techniques (pare-feux, pare-balles), alliées à d'autres substances. Les fibres chimiques ont connu une forte croissance continue depuis leur apparition au milieu du et aujourd'hui elles ont largement dépassé les fibres naturelles (). En 2012, on a produit de fibres chimiques dont 80 % de polyesters, 3,5 % d'acryliques, 8 % de nylon et 9,5 % de cellulose. La production historiquement dominée par l'Europe et les États-Unis s'est massivement délocalisée en Asie et particulièrement en Chine.

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_synthétique

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Publications associées (10)

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Concepts associés (37)

Cours associés (21)

Séances de cours associées (120)

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Metal nanoclusters are a unique class of synthetic material, as their crystal structures can be resolved using X-ray diffraction, and their chemical formula can be precisely determinated from mass spectroscopy. However, a complete structure characterization by these two techniques is often a challenging task. Here, we utilize small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to directly quantify the key structure parameters of a series of silver and gold nanoclusters in solution. The results not only correlate well to their crystallographic structures, but also allow the quantification of the counterions layer surrounding charged nanoclusters in solution. Furthermore, when combining with X-ray scattering, it is possible to estimate the molecular weight of both the metal core and the ligand shell of nanoclusters. This work offers an alternative characterization tool for nanoclusters without the requirement of crystallization or gas phase ionization.

WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH2022

Development of remote C-H bond functionalization of redox-active alcohol derivatives and oxidative transformations under photoredox catalysis

Alexandre Julien Florent Leclair

The development of radical-based remote C(sp3)-H functionalizations of redox-active alcohol derivatives, oxidative cycloaddition and rearrangement transformations under visible light photocatalysis constitute the basis of this thesis.The first chapter describes the exploration of several strategies to effect the Î²- and Î³-C(sp3)-H functionalization of alcohols under reductive conditions through the 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer of reactive radical intermediates. Two types of N-phthalimidoyl precursors were synthesized and used under metal and photoredox catalysis to effect a formal Î³-C(sp3)-H functionalization. The fragmentation of primary N-phthalimidoyl oxalates could be smoothly realized under photoredox catalysis. However, the generated alkoxycarbonyl radicals did not allow for a distal functionalization and instead could only be trapped by direct addition to electron-poor alkenes. More potent 1-alkoxy vinyl radical intermediates proved to be too unstable and no control of the fragmentation could be achieved. Two approaches were designed to pursue the Î²-C(sp3)-H functionalization of redox-active alcohols. An iron-catalyzed C-H azidation of N-acyloxy imidates was discovered and optimized to enable, after simple hydrolysis, the synthesis of valuable Î²-azido alcohols. N-phthalimidoyl carbonates were also investigated to this end, however the exceptional hydrogen abstracting properties of these electrophilic (alkoxycarbonyl)oxyl radicals could not be tempered and only decomposition to the parent alcohol was detected.The study of two photoredox catalyzed oxidative transformations is discussed in the second chapter. Building on the propensity of indoles to produce radical cation intermediates under photoinduced single electron oxidation, an innovative oxidative ring-expansion of 1-(indol-2-yl)cyclobutan-1-ols was developed. Under mild aerobic visible-light conditions, a series of 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-1-ones were accessed with complete regioselectivity in the presence of a catalytic amount of mesityl acridinium salt. Gratifyingly, this reaction could be extended to benzo[b]thiophenes analogues. The synthetic potential of this transformation was demonstrated by achieving a total synthesis of (Â±)-uleine, using our methodology to furnish one of the key fragment. A series of experiments were performed to gain insights in the mechanism of this transformation. A complex cascade reaction was suggested, involving two successive oxidative 1,2-alkyl shifts and initiated by the formation of a radical cation. Next were started synthetic studies toward the total synthesis of (Â±)-decursivine, a moschamine-related indole alkaloid, with the aim of developing an intramolecular oxidative [3+2]-cycloaddition under photoredox catalysis. Several precursors were synthesized and attempted under a large variety of reaction conditions to effect the cycloaddition, unfortunately without success. At best, the dimerization of a transient phenolic radical was observed. Efforts to promote an intramolecular reaction remained unsuccessful.

EPFL2021

Numerous studies have shown that the textile sector has a high fossil-fuel dependency, emits excessive amount of greenhouse gases and uses vast amount of water. Currently, polyester (fossil-based) makes up about a half of the industry's fiber production and the volumes are expected to increase. Polyester fiber is traditionally made out of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer. In order to break from the fossil-fuel dependency, textile industry has the possibility to use alternative feedstock for the polyester by reverting to bio-sourcing – strategy where the product's carbon backbone comes partially or fully from the bio-based feedstock. The polyester fiber can be entirely substituted in its current uses by three such bio-based substitutes: bio-based PET fiber as a drop-in substitute (chemically identical to the fossil counterpart); polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) fiber as an intra-family substitute with properties comparable to PET fiber and nylon; and polylactic acid (PLA) fiber as a novel fiber without a fossil counterpart and with properties comparable to PET fiber. All of these fibers are produced from the homonymous polymers via melt spinning and their carbon backbone comes partially or entirely from bio-based feedstock. The environmental effects of this feedstock substitution have not been studied abundantly, in spite of the existing political will to prioritize bio-based products, e.g. as the European Green Deal does. This project therefore performs a comparative, cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of the conventional polyester fiber and these substitutes taking into account state-of-the-art production process. In order to do so Life cycle inventories (LCI) were modelled for 6 different scenarios for bio-based PET, 2 for bio-based PTT and 1 for PLA and were based on public literature and ecoInvent data. Impact assessment was performed by applying two methods – Swiss Ecological Scarcity and European Environmental Footprint, representative of the Swiss environmental policy and of a more scientific classification of environmental and health impacts respectively. The study finds that all three bio-based fibers are produced from the first-generation feedstock (crops). Currently, only the partially bio-based PET and PTT polymers are commercialized, such that the prevailing monomer, purified terephthalic acid (PTA) remains fossil-based for both. Then, monoethylene glycol (MEG) is produced from sugarcane or corn and 1,3-propanediol (PDO) from corn respectively. PLA is a fully bio-based polymer, produced from corn. Bio-sourcing for polyester is found to offer a limited improvement in a small number of impacts (with negligible contribution to the overall score) while causing substantial additional environmental burdens elsewhere (per kg of fiber). Namely, none of the bio-based alternatives perform better than the fossil-based PET fiber on the overall score. However, the partially bio-based PTT fiber may be a viable substitute for nylon (based on lower overall score). In the absence of carbon crediting for bio-based feedstock, climate impacts are found to be worse for the alternatives than the conventional polyester. Eutrophication, acidification, water scarcity impacts and land use rise with fiber's bio-content and largely stem for the agricultural practices (up to 88%, 74%, 97% and 100% respectively). It was also seen that PTA necessitates more precise modeling to raise the certainty of conclusions for the respective fully bio-based PET and PTT scenarios. At this stage, bio-based alternatives have a worse environmental performance than fossil-based polyester. The environmental performance of the bio-based fibers may be increased with alternative feedstock options or with improved agricultural practices.

2020