Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction

The Svātantrika–Prāsaṅgika distinction is a doctrinal distinction made within Tibetan Buddhism between two stances regarding the use of logic and the meaning of conventional truth within the presentation of Madhyamaka. Svātantrika is a category of Madhyamaka viewpoints attributed primarily to the 6th-century Indian scholar Bhāviveka. Bhāviveka criticised Buddhapalita’s abstinence from syllogistic reasoning in his commentary on Nāgārjuna. Following the example of the influential logician Dignāga, Bhāviveka used autonomous syllogistic reasoning (svātantra) syllogisms in the explanation of Madhyamaka. To have a common ground with essentialist opponents, and make it possible to use syllogistic reasoning in discussion with those essentialists, Bhāviveka argued that things can be said to exist conventionally 'according to characteristics'. This makes it possible to take the mere object as the point of departure for the discussion on inherent existence. From there, it is possible to explain how these things are ultimately empty of inherent existence. Prāsaṅgika views are based on Candrakīrti's critique of Bhāviveka, arguing for a sole reliance on prasaṅga, "logic consequence," a method of reductio ad absurdum which is used by all Mādhyamikas, using syllogisms to point out the absurd and impossible logical consequences of holding essentialist views. According to Candrakīrti, the mere object can only be discussed if both parties perceive it in the same way. As a consequence (according to Candrakīrti) svātantrika reasoning is impossible in a debate, since the opponents argue from two irreconcilable points of view, namely a mistaken essentialist perception, and a correct non-essentialist perception. This leaves no ground for a discussion which starts from a similarly perceived object of discussion. And it also makes impossible the use of syllogistic reasoning to convince the opponent. Candrakīrti's works had no influence on Indian and early Tibetan Madhayamaka, but started to rise to prominence in Tibet in the 12th century.

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Concepts associés (17)

Bhavaviveka

Bhāviveka, also called Bhāvaviveka (; ), and Bhavya was a sixth-century (c. 500 – c. 570) madhyamaka Buddhist philosopher. Alternative names for this figure also include Bhavyaviveka, Bhāvin, Bhāviviveka, Bhagavadviveka and Bhavya. Bhāviveka is the author of the Madhyamakahrdaya (Heart of the Middle), its auto-commentary the Tarkajvālā (Blaze of Reasoning) and the Prajñāpradīpa (Lamp for Wisdom). In Tibetan Buddhism Bhāviveka is regarded as the founder of the svātantrika tradition of mādhyamaka, as opposed to the prāsaṅgika madhyamaka of Chandrakirti.

Rimé

Le mouvement Rimé (Wylie : ris med, de med « non » et ris « sectarisme ») est une école de pensée du bouddhisme tibétain née dans l’est du Tibet (Kham) à la fin du en réaction à l’isolement sectaire causé par les rivalités entre Lamas ou Monastères, certains Maîtres allant jusqu'à interdire à leurs disciples de s'informer sur les enseignements des autres lignées. L’inspirateur en était Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820-1892), issu de la tradition sakyapa.

Shantarakshita

Shantarakshita (शान्तरक्षित, IAST : śāntarakṣita, « protecteur de la paix » ; (), né à Rewalsar, dans l'actuel état d'Himachal Pradesh, en Inde en 725 et décédé en 788, est un moine de Nalanda renommé pour sa synthèse des pensées yogacara et madhyamika exposée dans le Madhyamakalamkara (« Ornement de la voie moyenne »). L'empereur Trisong Detsen invita Shantarakshita à se rendre au Tibet depuis le Népal entre 761 et 767 pour y propager le bouddhisme.