GFAPvignette|GFAP en immunofluorescence montrant des astrocytes d'hippocampe de souris. La protéine acide fibrillaire gliale (de l'anglais, Glial fibrillary acidic protein ou GFAP) est un filament intermédiaire présent dans certaines cellules gliales du système nerveux central, les astrocytes notamment. Décrite pour la première fois en 1971, chez l'Homme, le gène codant cette protéine de type III est 17q21. Elle est étroitement liée aux autres protéines du cytosquelette de cellules non épithéliales, à savoir, la vimentine, la desmine ou encore la périphérine.
BlasteIn cell biology, a precursor cell, also called a blast cell or simply blast, is a partially differentiated cell, usually referred to as a unipotent cell that has lost most of its stem cell properties. A precursor cell is also known as a progenitor cell but progenitor cells are multipotent. Precursor cells are known as the intermediate cell before they become differentiated after being a stem cell. Usually, a precursor cell is a stem cell with the capacity to differentiate into only one cell type.
Asymmetric cell divisionAn asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (In times of growth or regeneration, stem cells can also divide symmetrically, to produce two identical copies of the original cell.
Stem-cell nicheStem-cell niche refers to a microenvironment, within the specific anatomic location where stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate cell fate. The word 'niche' can be in reference to the in vivo or in vitro stem-cell microenvironment. During embryonic development, various niche factors act on embryonic stem cells to alter gene expression, and induce their proliferation or differentiation for the development of the fetus.
Fusion cellulaireLa fusion cellulaire ou hybridation cellulaire est la formation in vitro d'une seule cellule hybride par l'union de deux cellules provenant de différentes espèces ou à des stades cellulaires différents. Dans la cellule hybride, les noyaux donneurs peuvent rester séparés ou peuvent se fusionner, mais durant les divisions cellulaires ultérieures, un seul fuseau mitotique se forme de sorte que chacune des cellules filles aura un seul noyau contenant des jeux de chromosomes, complets ou partiels, de chaque lignée parentale.
Reprogrammation épigénétiqueLa reprogrammation désigne en épigénétique l’effaçage et le remodelage des marques épigénétiques telles que la méthylation de l’ADN. Après la fertilisation, des cellules de l’embryon migrent jusqu’à la crête génitale où elles deviendront finalement des cellules germinales. Dans les cellules de la lignée germinale, les génomes paternel et maternel portant une empreinte doivent être reprogrammés lors de la gamétogenèse, c’est-à-dire déméthylés et reméthylés.
Leukemia inhibitory factorLeukemia inhibitory factor, or LIF, is an interleukin 6 class cytokine that affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation. When LIF levels drop, the cells differentiate. LIF derives its name from its ability to induce the terminal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells, thus preventing their continued growth. Other properties attributed to the cytokine include: the growth promotion and cell differentiation of different types of target cells, influence on bone metabolism, cachexia, neural development, embryogenesis and inflammation.
Ultrastructurethumb|Un exemple d'ultrastructure avec la bactérie catalase-positive, Bacillus subtilis. L'ultrastructure concerne un domaine de dimensions qui se situe entre le domaine atomique - moléculaire et le domaine accessible au microscope optique. Le microscope électronique est l'instrument de choix pour l'exploration de ce domaine aussi bien en biologie qu'en physique. L'ultrastructure de la plupart des constituants cellulaires est connue à l'heure actuelle.
Induced stem cellsInduced stem cells (iSC) are stem cells derived from somatic, reproductive, pluripotent or other cell types by deliberate epigenetic reprogramming. They are classified as either totipotent (iTC), pluripotent (iPSC) or progenitor (multipotent – iMSC, also called an induced multipotent progenitor cell – iMPC) or unipotent – (iUSC) according to their developmental potential and degree of dedifferentiation. Progenitors are obtained by so-called direct reprogramming or directed differentiation and are also called induced somatic stem cells.
Brain vesicleBrain vesicles are the bulge-like features of the early development of the neural tube in vertebrates. Vesicle formation begins shortly after anterior neural tube closure at about embryonic day 9.0 in the mouse and the fourth and fifth gestational week in human development. In zebrafish and chicken embryos, brain vesicles form by about 24 hours and 48 hours post-conception, respectively. Initially there are three primary brain vesicles: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.
