Brain ischemiaBrain ischemia is a condition in which there is insufficient bloodflow to the brain to meet metabolic demand. This leads to poor oxygen supply or cerebral hypoxia and thus leads to the death of brain tissue or cerebral infarction/ischemic stroke. It is a sub-type of stroke along with subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage. Ischemia leads to alterations in brain metabolism, reduction in metabolic rates, and energy crisis.
Cerebral circulationCerebral circulation is the movement of blood through a network of cerebral arteries and veins supplying the brain. The rate of cerebral blood flow in an adult human is typically 750 milliliters per minute, or about 15% of cardiac output. Arteries deliver oxygenated blood, glucose and other nutrients to the brain. Veins carry "used or spent" blood back to the heart, to remove carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other metabolic products. The neurovascular unit regulates cerebral blood flow so that activated neurons can be supplied with energy in the right amount and at the right time.
Reperfusion injuryReperfusion injury, sometimes called ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) or reoxygenation injury, is the tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue (re- + perfusion) after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen (anoxia or hypoxia). The absence of oxygen and nutrients from blood during the ischemic period creates a condition in which the restoration of circulation results in inflammation and oxidative damage through the induction of oxidative stress rather than (or along with) restoration of normal function.
ExcitotoxicitéL'excitotoxicité est un processus pathologique d'altération et de destruction neuronale ou neurotoxicité, par hyperactivation par l'acide glutamique et ses analogues (tous étant des neurotransmetteurs excitateurs). Ces neurotransmetteurs activent des récepteurs excitateurs neuronaux comme les récepteurs NMDA et AMPA (-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-méthylisoazol-4-propionate). Ces excitotoxines comme le NMDA (N-méthyl-D-aspartate) et l'acide kaïnique, ou les glutamates en trop grande concentration, en se liant à ces récepteurs provoquent une entrée massive dans la cellule d'ions calcium.
