Wandering set

In dynamical systems and ergodic theory, the concept of a wandering set formalizes a certain idea of movement and mixing. When a dynamical system has a wandering set of non-zero measure, then the system is a dissipative system. This is the opposite of a conservative system, to which the Poincaré recurrence theorem applies. Intuitively, the connection between wandering sets and dissipation is easily understood: if a portion of the phase space "wanders away" during normal time-evolution of the system, and is never visited again, then the system is dissipative. The language of wandering sets can be used to give a precise, mathematical definition to the concept of a dissipative system. The notion of wandering sets in phase space was introduced by Birkhoff in 1927. A common, discrete-time definition of wandering sets starts with a map of a topological space X. A point is said to be a wandering point if there is a neighbourhood U of x and a positive integer N such that for all , the iterated map is non-intersecting: A handier definition requires only that the intersection have measure zero. To be precise, the definition requires that X be a measure space, i.e. part of a triple of Borel sets and a measure such that for all . Similarly, a continuous-time system will have a map defining the time evolution or flow of the system, with the time-evolution operator being a one-parameter continuous abelian group action on X: In such a case, a wandering point will have a neighbourhood U of x and a time T such that for all times , the time-evolved map is of measure zero: These simpler definitions may be fully generalized to the group action of a topological group. Let be a measure space, that is, a set with a measure defined on its Borel subsets. Let be a group acting on that set. Given a point , the set is called the trajectory or orbit of the point x. An element is called a wandering point if there exists a neighborhood U of x and a neighborhood V of the identity in such that for all . A non-wandering point is the opposite.

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Publications associées (6)

Concepts associés (8)

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Flot (mathématiques)

Le flot, coulée ou encore courant est, en mathématiques, un concept fondamental utilisé en géométrie différentielle. La notion de flot permet notamment de modéliser le déplacement dans le temps des éléments d'un fluide. Pour ce faire, on crée une application α qui, à chaque point x de l'espace concerné par l'écoulement, associe un autre point α(x,t), correspondant à la position qu'aurait une particule du fluide à l'instant t, si elle avait été située en x à l'instant 0. thumb|Flot associé à l'équation différentielle d'un pendule.

Conservative system

In mathematics, a conservative system is a dynamical system which stands in contrast to a dissipative system. Roughly speaking, such systems have no friction or other mechanism to dissipate the dynamics, and thus, their phase space does not shrink over time. Precisely speaking, they are those dynamical systems that have a null wandering set: under time evolution, no portion of the phase space ever "wanders away", never to be returned to or revisited. Alternately, conservative systems are those to which the Poincaré recurrence theorem applies.

Orbit (dynamics)

In mathematics, specifically in the study of dynamical systems, an orbit is a collection of points related by the evolution function of the dynamical system. It can be understood as the subset of phase space covered by the trajectory of the dynamical system under a particular set of initial conditions, as the system evolves. As a phase space trajectory is uniquely determined for any given set of phase space coordinates, it is not possible for different orbits to intersect in phase space, therefore the set of all orbits of a dynamical system is a partition of the phase space.

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The course follows the text of Norris and the polycopie (which will be distributed chapter by chapter).