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Skeletal muscle holds significant regenerative potential but is incapable of restoring tissue loss caused by severe injury, congenital defects or tumour ablation. Consequently, skeletal muscle models are being developed to study human pathophysiology and r ...
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate the transduction of extracellular signals into complex intracellular responses. Despite their ubiquitous roles in physiological processes and as drug targets for a wide range of disorders, the precise mechanisms ...
Diabetes type 2 patients are insensitive to insulin, a condition that leads to reduced glucose uptake by cells and, subsequently, to high concentration of glucose in the blood. For 60 years, biguanides have been one of the few effective therapeutics in red ...
Kleptoplasty is the process by which an organism sequesters algal chloroplasts while discarding or digesting other algal components. This ability is encountered in different organisms, including benthic foraminifera. Among kleptoplastic foraminiferal speci ...
Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels are non-selective cation channels key to signal transduction. The free energy difference of cyclic-nucleotide (cAMP/cGMP) binding/unbinding is translated into mechanical work to modulate the open/closed probabilit ...
Telomeres are dynamic nucleo-protein structures capping the ends of all eukaryotic chromosomes. Together with telomerase, they counteract replication-dependent telomere attrition. Additionally, they disguise the linear ends of the chromosome from the DNA d ...
Cells live in ever-changing environments, thereby facing a variety of dynamic environmental signals. Environmental stimuli elicit intracellular responses through signaling pathways, which converge on transcriptional activation or repression of target genes ...
Sphingomyelin (SM) biosynthesis represents a complex, finely regulated process, mostly occurring in vertebrates. It is intimately linked to lipid transport and it is ultimately carried out by two enzymes, SM synthase 1 and 2, selectively localized in the G ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are crucial redox cofactors regulating energy metabolism, reductive biosynthesis and the antioxidant defense system. Besides their role as redox cofactors, NAD(P ...
The cellular response to DNA damage results in a signaling cascade that primes chromatin for repair. Combinatorial post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a key role in this process by altering the physical properties of chromatin and recruiting downs ...
