In statistics and natural language processing, a topic model is a type of statistical model for discovering the abstract "topics" that occur in a collection of documents. Topic modeling is a frequently used text-mining tool for discovery of hidden semantic structures in a text body. Intuitively, given that a document is about a particular topic, one would expect particular words to appear in the document more or less frequently: "dog" and "bone" will appear more often in documents about dogs, "cat" and "meow" will appear in documents about cats, and "the" and "is" will appear approximately equally in both. A document typically concerns multiple topics in different proportions; thus, in a document that is 10% about cats and 90% about dogs, there would probably be about 9 times more dog words than cat words. The "topics" produced by topic modeling techniques are clusters of similar words. A topic model captures this intuition in a mathematical framework, which allows examining a set of documents and discovering, based on the statistics of the words in each, what the topics might be and what each document's balance of topics is.
Topic models are also referred to as probabilistic topic models, which refers to statistical algorithms for discovering the latent semantic structures of an extensive text body. In the age of information, the amount of the written material we encounter each day is simply beyond our processing capacity. Topic models can help to organize and offer insights for us to understand large collections of unstructured text bodies. Originally developed as a text-mining tool, topic models have been used to detect instructive structures in data such as genetic information, images, and networks. They also have applications in other fields such as bioinformatics and computer vision.
An early topic model was described by Papadimitriou, Raghavan, Tamaki and Vempala in 1998. Another one, called probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA), was created by Thomas Hofmann in 1999.
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Dans le domaine du traitement automatique des langues, l’allocation de Dirichlet latente (de l’anglais Latent Dirichlet Allocation) ou LDA est un modèle génératif probabiliste permettant d’expliquer des ensembles d’observations, par le moyen de groupes non observés, eux-mêmes définis par des similarités de données. Par exemple, si les observations () sont les mots collectés dans un ensemble de documents textuels (), le modèle LDA suppose que chaque document () est un mélange () d’un petit nombre de sujets ou thèmes ( topics), et que la génération de chaque occurrence d’un mot () est attribuable (probabilité) à l’un des thèmes () du document.
L’analyse sémantique latente probabiliste (de l'anglais, Probabilistic latent semantic analysis : PLSA), aussi appelée indexation sémantique latente probabiliste (PLSI), est une méthode de traitement automatique des langues inspirée de l'analyse sémantique latente. Elle améliore cette dernière en incluant un modèle statistique particulier. La PLSA possède des applications dans le filtrage et la recherche d'information, le traitement des langues naturelles, l'apprentissage automatique et les domaines associés.
L’analyse sémantique latente (LSA, de l'anglais : Latent semantic analysis) ou indexation sémantique latente (ou LSI, de l'anglais : Latent semantic indexation) est un procédé de traitement des langues naturelles, dans le cadre de la sémantique vectorielle. La LSA fut brevetée en 1988 et publiée en 1990. Elle permet d'établir des relations entre un ensemble de documents et les termes qu'ils contiennent, en construisant des « concepts » liés aux documents et aux termes.
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Topic models are useful tools for analyzing and interpreting the main underlying themes of large corpora of text. Most topic models rely on word co-occurrence for computing a topic, i.e., a weighted set of words that together represent a high-level semanti ...