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Concept

Observable

Résumé

Une observable est l'équivalent en mécanique quantique d'une grandeur physique en mécanique classique, comme la position, la quantité de mouvement, le spin, l'énergie, etc. Ce terme provient d'une expression utilisée par Werner Heisenberg dans ses travaux sur la mécanique des matrices, où il parlait de beobachtbare Grösse (quantité observable), et où il insistait sur la nécessité d'une définition opérationnelle d'une grandeur physique, qui prend mathématiquement la forme d'un opérateur. Appliqué à un état quantique, l'opérateur permet de connaître tous les résultats possibles, et leur probabilité, d'une mesure d'une grandeur physique donnée sur un système quantique donné. Définition formelle Une observable est formalisée mathématiquement par un opérateur agissant sur les vecteurs d'un espace de Hilbert \mathcal{H} (chaque état quantique étant représenté par un vecteur dans cet espace). Le sens de cet opérateur observable est de donner la possibilité de décompos

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable

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This course complements the Analysis and Linear Algebra courses by providing further mathematical background and practice required for 3rd year physics courses, in particular electrodynamics and quantum mechanics.

Presentation of the electroweak and strong interaction theories that constitute the Standard Model of particle physics. The course also discusses the new theories proposed to solve the problems of the Standard Model.

Introduction to superconducting electronic applications and their material requirements, including the fundamental phenomenology of superconductors. Key applications and their material requirements: a) magnets; b) quantum metrology; c) quantum computation.

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Publications associées (68)

Numerical investigations of 3D CFTs using conformal bootstrap methods

Marten Jan Reehorst

Conformal field theories (CFTs) play a very significant role in modern physics, appearing in such diverse fields as particle physics, condensed matter and statistical physics and in quantum gravity both as the string worldsheet theory and through the AdS/CFT correspondence. In recent years major breakthroughs have been made in solving these CFTs through a method called numerical conformal bootstrap. This method uses consistency conditions on the CFT data in order to find and constrain conformal field theories and obtain precise measurements of physical observables. In this thesis we apply the conformal bootstrap to study among others the O(2)- and the ARP^3- models in 3D. In the first chapter we extend the conventional scalar numerical conformal bootstrap to a mixed system of correlators involving a scalar field charged under a global U(1) symmetry and the associated conserved spin-1 current J. The inclusion of a conserved spinning operator is an important advance in the numerical bootstrap program. Using numerical bootstrap techniques we obtain bounds on new observables not accessible in the usual scalar bootstrap. Concentrating on the O(2) model we extract rigorous bounds on the three-point function coefficient of two currents and the unique relevant scalar singlet, as well as those of two currents and the stress tensor. Using these results, and comparing with a quantum Monte Carlo simulation of the O(2) model conductivity, we give estimates of the thermal one-point function of the relevant singlet and the stress tensor. We also obtain new bounds on operators in various sectors. In the second chapter we investigate the existence of a second-order phase transition in the ARP^3 model. This model has a global O(4) symmetry and a discrete Z_2 gauge symmetry. It was shown by a perturbative renormalization group analysis that its Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson effective description does not have any stable fixed point, thus disallowing a second-order phase transition. However, it was also shown that lattice simulations contradict this, finding strong evidence for the existence of a second-order phase transition. In this chapter we apply conformal bootstrap methods to the correlator of four scalars t transforming in the traceless symmetric representation of O(4) in order to investigate the existence of this second order phase transition. We find various features that stand out in the region predicted by the lattice data. Moreover, under reasonable assumptions a candidate island can be isolated. We also apply a mixed t-s bootstrap setup in which this island persists. In addition we study the kink-landscape for all representations appearing in the t times t OPE for general N. Among others, we find a new family of kinks in the upper-bound on the dimension of the first scalar operator in the "Box" and "Hook" representations.

EPFL2020

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Predictors and predictands of linear response in spatially extended systems

Umberto Maria Tomasini

The goal of response theory, in each of its many statistical mechanical formulations, is to predict the perturbed response of a system from the knowledge of the unperturbed state and of the applied perturbation. A new recent angle on the problem focuses on providing a method to perform predictions of the change in one observable of the system using the change in a second observable as a surrogate for the actual forcing. Such a viewpoint tries to address the very relevant problem of causal links within complex system when only incomplete information is available. We present here a method for quantifying and ranking the predictive ability of observables and use it to investigate the response of a paradigmatic spatially extended system, the Lorenz '96 model. We perturb locally the system and we then study to what extent a given local observable can predict the behaviour of a separate local observable. We show that this approach can reveal insights on the way a signal propagates inside the system. We also show that the procedure becomes more efficient if one considers multiple acting forcings and, correspondingly, multiple observables as predictors of the observable of interest.

SPRINGER HEIDELBERG2021

Chargement

An intriguing feature of the Standard Model is that the representations of the unbroken gauge symmetries are vector-like whereas those of the spontaneously broken gauge symmetries are chiral. Here we provide a toy model which shows that a natural explanation of this property could emerge in higher dimensional field theories and discuss the difficulties that arise in the attempt to construct a realistic theory. An interesting aspect of this type of models is that the 4D low energy effective theory is not generically gauge invariant. However, the non-invariant contributions to the observable quantities are very small, of the order of the square of the ratio between the light particle mass scale and the Kaluza-Klein mass scale. Remarkably, when we take the unbroken limit both the chiral asymmetry and the non-invariant terms disappear. © SISSA 2007.

2007

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Numerical investigations of 3D CFTs using conformal bootstrap methods

Marten Jan Reehorst

EPFL2020