Espèce pionnière | EPFL Graph Search

En écologie, une espèce pionnière est l'une des premières formes de vie qui colonisent ou recolonisent un espace écologique donné. Il peut s'agir d'un milieu nouveau (île volcanique, mur ou autre construction, friche industrielle, sol ou flanc de carrière…) ou récemment « perturbé » (destruction humaine, éboulis, érosion, glissement de terrain, incendie, chablis, coulée de lave…). Cette (re)colonisation est le premier stade d'une succession écologique. Stades pionniers et espèces Les espèces pionnières sont les premières à coloniser un milieu dépourvu de vie, possiblement après qu’il a subi une perturbation. Ce sont souvent aussi des espèces facilitatrices, c'est-à-dire dont la présence génère des changements dans les facteurs biotiques et abiotiques de l’écosystème en formation, menant ainsi à l’établissement potentiel d’autres espèces nécessitant des conditions de vie différentes. Les espèces pionnières interviennent dans le phénomène de succession écologique, c’est-

Modern comprehensive approach to monitor the morphodynamic evolution of a restored river corridor

Paolo Perona

River restoration has become a common measure to repair anthropogenically-induced alteration of fluvial ecosystems. The inherent complexity of ecohydrologic systems leads to limitations in understanding the response of such systems to restoration over time. Therefore, a significant effort has been dedicated in the recent years worldwide to document the efficiency of restoration actions and to produce new effective guidelines that may help overcoming existing deficiencies. At the same time little attention was paid to illustrate the reasons and the use of certain monitoring and experimental techniques in spite of others, or in relation to the specific ecohydrologic process being investigated. The purpose of this paper is to enrich efforts in this direction by presenting the framework of experimental activities and the related experimental setup that we designed and installed in order to accomplish some of the research tasks of the multidisciplinary scientific project RECORD (Restored Corridor Dynamics). Therein, we studied the morphodynamic evolution of the restored reach of the River Thur near Niederneunforn (Switzerland), also in relation to the role of pioneer vegetation roots in stabilizing the alluvial sediment. In this work we describe the methodology chosen for monitoring the river morphodynamics, the dynamics of riparian and of in-bed vegetation and their mutual interactions, as well as the need of complementing such observations with experiments and with the hydraulic modeling of the site. We also discuss how the designed installation and the experiments integrate with the needs of other research groups within the project, in particular providing data for a number of investigations thereby including surface water and groundwater interactions, soil moisture and vegetation dynamics.

2011

Modelling of groundwater-vegetation interactions in a tidal marsh

David Andrew Barry

Wetting and drying due to tidal fluctuations affect soil conditions and hence plant growth in tidal marshes. Here, a coupled one-dimensional model was developed to simulate interacting groundwater flow and plant growth in these wetlands. The simulation results revealed three characteristic zones of soil conditions for plant growth along a cross-creek section subjected to the combined influences of spring-neap tides and evapotranspiration: (1) a near-creek zone affected by semi-diurnal tides over the whole spring-neap cycle, where the soil is well aerated although the plant growth could be slightly limited by the local water content dropping periodically below the wilting point on the ebb tide; (2) a less well-drained zone where drainage occurs only during neap tides (for which the daily inundation is absent) and plant growth is aeration-limited; and (3) an interior zone where evapotranspiration determines the soil-water saturation. Plant growth dynamics, which depend on these soil conditions, lead to spatial biomass distributions that are consistent with the characteristic zonation. The simulations shed light on the feedback mechanism for groundwater-vegetation interactions in the marsh system. It was demonstrated that the growth of pioneer plants can improve the soil aeration condition as a result of transpiration. The strength of this feedback varies spatially in accordance with the three characteristic zones of soil-water saturation. However, the development of another species in the marsh system is likely to be more complicated than suggested by the “positive feedback” mechanism proposed previously, due to the influence of inter-species competition. The feedback effects are generally more complex, involving both plant growth enhancement and inhibition depending on the combined influence of the intra- and inter-species competition, the ecosystem’s carrying capacity and plant transpiration. These findings demonstrate the interplay of ecological and hydrological processes in tidal marshes, and provide guidance for future research, including field investigations that aim to establish the principle relationship between marsh morphology and plant zonation.

Elsevier2013

Modelling of groundwater-vegetation interactions in a tidal marsh

David Andrew Barry

Elsevier2013