Fluxional moleculeIn chemistry and molecular physics, fluxional (or non-rigid) molecules are molecules that undergo dynamics such that some or all of their atoms interchange between symmetry-equivalent positions. Because virtually all molecules are fluxional in some respects, e.g. bond rotations in most organic compounds, the term fluxional depends on the context and the method used to assess the dynamics. Often, a molecule is considered fluxional if its spectroscopic signature exhibits line-broadening (beyond that dictated by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle) due to chemical exchange.
Vibration moléculaireUne vibration moléculaire se produit lorsque les atomes d'une molécule sont dans un mouvement périodique pendant que la molécule dans son ensemble subit un mouvement de translation et de rotation. La fréquence du mouvement périodique est appelée fréquence de vibration. Une molécule non linéaire constituée de n atomes possède 3n-6 modes normaux de vibration, alors qu'une molécule linéaire n'en possède que 3n-5, puisque la rotation autour de son axe moléculaire ne peut être observée.
Procédé MondLe procédé Mond est un procédé chimique d'extraction et de purification du nickel mis au point par Ludwig Mond en 1890 et mis en œuvre à l'échelle industrielle dès avant la fin du . Ce procédé repose sur la réduction d'oxydes de nickel afin d'obtenir ce dernier sous forme métallique pure en utilisant la facilité avec laquelle le monoxyde de carbone forme réversiblement un complexe de tétracarbonyle de nickel : aucun autre élément chimique n'est susceptible de former un tel carbonyle de métal dans les conditions opératoires douces de ce procédé.
Carbonyl ironCarbonyl iron is a highly pure (97.5% for grade S, 99.5+% for grade R) iron, prepared by chemical decomposition of purified iron pentacarbonyl. It usually has the appearance of grey powder, composed of spherical microparticles. Most of the impurities are carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. BASF invented carbonyl iron powder in 1925 and claims to be the world's leading producer. In 1934, BASF was also involved in the development of the very first magnetic tapes used by the AEG Magnetophon tape recorder.
Dissociative substitutionIn chemistry, dissociative substitution describes a reaction pathway by which compounds interchange ligands. The term is typically applied to coordination and organometallic complexes, but resembles the SN1 mechanism in organic chemistry. This pathway can be well described by the cis effect, or the labilization of CO ligands in the cis position. The opposite pathway is associative substitution, being analogous to SN2 pathway. Pathways that are intermediate between the pure dissociative and pure associative pathways are called interchange mechanisms.
Metal-phosphine complexA metal-phosphine complex is a coordination complex containing one or more phosphine ligands. Almost always, the phosphine is an organophosphine of the type R3P (R = alkyl, aryl). Metal phosphine complexes are useful in homogeneous catalysis. Prominent examples of metal phosphine complexes include Wilkinson's catalyst (Rh(PPh3)3Cl), Grubbs' catalyst, and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0). Many metal phosphine complexes are prepared by reactions of metal halides with preformed phosphines.
Organoruthenium chemistryOrganoruthenium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to ruthenium chemical bond. Several organoruthenium catalysts are of commercial interest and organoruthenium compounds have been considered for cancer therapy. The chemistry has some stoichiometric similarities with organoiron chemistry, as iron is directly above ruthenium in group 8 of the periodic table. The most important reagents for the introduction of ruthenium are ruthenium(III) chloride and triruthenium dodecacarbonyl.
Procédé CativaLe procédé Cativa est un procédé chimique pour produire l'acide acétique de manière industrielle. La réaction de synthèse est la carbonylation du méthanol à l'aide d'un catalyseur à base d'iridium et d'un promoteur iodique. Ce procédé a supplanté le procédé Monsanto utilisé par l'entreprise du même nom à partir de 1996 grâce à des améliorations tant économiques qu'écologiques. La sélectivité du catalyseur pour la formation de l'acide acétique réduit la concentration d'acide propionique et ainsi le coût de la purification.
Organoiron chemistryOrganoiron chemistry is the chemistry of iron compounds containing a carbon-to-iron chemical bond. Organoiron compounds are relevant in organic synthesis as reagents such as iron pentacarbonyl, diiron nonacarbonyl and disodium tetracarbonylferrate. While iron adopts oxidation states from Fe(−II) through to Fe(VII), Fe(IV) is the highest established oxidation state for organoiron species. Although iron is generally less active in many catalytic applications, it is less expensive and "greener" than other metals.
