Recherche fondamentale

Résumé

La recherche fondamentale consiste en des travaux expérimentaux ou théoriques entrepris principalement en vue d'acquérir de nouvelles connaissances sur les fondements des phénomènes et des faits observables, sans envisager une application ou une utilisation particulière. En somme, elle « crée » de la connaissance et l’explique. Les résultats des recherches fondamentales donnent en général lieu à des publications dans des revues scientifiques. La recherche fondamentale peut être de deux types. La recherche fondamentale « pure » consiste à faire progresser les connaissances, dans un but désintéressé (exclusion de toute idée de rentabilité). Elle peut susciter une idée d’application (recherche appliquée) qui aboutit à la mise au point d’un modèle (recherche et développement). En sciences de la vie et de la santé, il s’agit de décrypter par exemple les mécanismes du vivant (fonctionnement de l’organisme humain, des organismes…). La recherche fondamentale « orientée », quant à elle, con

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recherche_fondamentale

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Cours associés (27)

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Séances de cours associées (24)

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Long Spin Lifetime in Rare-Earth Single-Atom Magnets at Surfaces

Boris Sorokin

Further miniaturisation of magnetic storage devices requires an advent of new types of magnets, since classical ferromagnetic materials show lack of remanence at nano- and subnanoscale. A single atom can represent the smallest possible bit of information. Even though the isolated single atoms are paramagnetic, the interaction of surface adsorbed atoms with a substrate can result in high magnetic anisotropy energy and long magnetisation lifetime. In this thesis the magnetic properties of surface supported rare-earth single atoms are investigated with X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and multiplet simulations. The first goal of the project was to find new adatom/substrate combinations that exhibit a long adatom magnetic lifetime, possibly extending the current limits of the atomic magnetic moment stability to higher temperatures and longer spin relaxation times. The second objective was to implement the external electric field control of the adatom magnetic properties.Firstly, we present the experimental and theoretical research on Dy and Ho single atoms deposited on BaO. A comparison of our results with similar studies sheds light on the impact of the substrate crystal field, in particular Dy-O bond covalency, on the magnetic stability of the rare-earth adatoms. Next, the detailed experimental investigation of Dy single atoms on ZnO is presented. This adatom/substrate pair is used as first attempt to implement the electric field control of the adatom magnetic properties. Lastly, we study the Dy adatoms on graphene layers grown on various metals. The vibrational modes of the metallic substrates are shown to strongly affect the Dy spin lifetime, while addition of a second graphene layer does not allow to significantly improve the adatom magnetic stability.

EPFL2022

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Volcano-shaped microelectrodes (nanovolcanoes) functionalized with nanopatterned self-assembled monolayers have recently been demonstrated to report cardiomyocyte action potentials after gaining spontaneous intracellular access. These nanovolcanoes exhibit recording characteristics similar to those of state-of-the-art micro-nanoelectrode arrays that use electroporation as an insertion mechanism. In this study, we investigated whether the use of electroporation improves the performance of nanovolcano arrays in terms of action potential amplitudes, recording durations, and yield. Experiments with neonatal rat cardiomyocyte monolayers grown on nanovolcano arrays demonstrated that electroporation pulses with characteristics derived from analytical models increased the efficiency of nanovolcano recordings, as they enabled multiple on-demand registration of intracellular action potentials with amplitudes as high as 62 mV and parallel recordings in up to ~76% of the available channels. The performance of nanovolcanoes showed no dependence on the presence of functionalized nanopatterns, indicating that the tip geometry itself is instrumental for establishing a tight seal at the cell–electrode interface, which ultimately determines the quality of recordings. Importantly, the use of electroporation permitted the recording of attenuated cardiomyocyte action potentials during consecutive days at identical sites, indicating that nanovolcano recordings are nondestructive and permit long-term on-demand recordings from excitable cardiac tissues. Apart from demonstrating that less complex manufacturing processes can be used for next-generation nanovolcano arrays, the finding that the devices are suitable for performing on-demand recordings of electrical activity from multiple sites of excitable cardiac tissues over extended periods of time opens the possibility of using the devices not only in basic research but also in the context of comprehensive drug testing.

2020

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The economic effects of basic research: evidence for embodied knowledge transfer via scientists' migration

2003

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