SonicationSonication is the act of applying sound energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes such as the extraction of multiple compounds from plants, microalgae and seaweeds. Ultrasonic frequencies (> 20 kHz) are usually used, leading to the process also being known as ultrasonication or ultra-sonication. In the laboratory, it is usually applied using an ultrasonic bath or an ultrasonic probe, colloquially known as a sonicator. In a paper machine, an ultrasonic foil can distribute cellulose fibres more uniformly and strengthen the paper.
Aposématismevignette|Dendrobates tinctorius, vue dorsale. Forêt primaire, montagnes de Kaw, Guyane française. Les couleurs vives avertissent les prédateurs de sa possible toxicité. L'aposématisme est la stratégie adaptative qui permet à certains organismes (généralement des animaux, parfois des plantes) d'émettre un signal d'avertissement clairement perceptible, qui peut être visuel (le plus souvent une couleur), sonore ou olfactif.
