Utérus | EPFL Graph Search

vignette|Schéma en coupe frontale des différentes parties de l'utérus chez l'humain. L'utérus est un organe appartenant à l'appareil génital féminin et de la plupart des mammifères. C'est l'organe permettant la gestation lors de la grossesse. Il diffère selon les espèces dans son anatomie. Étymologie L'origine dériverait du grec ou du latin « ventre » sans réelle certitude. Type d'utérus Suivant les espèces, la séparation entre la partie postérieure gauche ou droite de l'utérus est plus ou moins grande. Chez les rongeurs et les marsupiaux l'utérus forme deux cornes, deux corps, on parle d'utérus duplex. Les Lagomorpha, la rate, le cobaye, contrairement aux hamsters par exemple, disposent même de deux cols utérins. Lorsque les cornes et le corps sont de longueur équivalente, on parle d'utérus bicorne, c'est le cas chez les juments, les Carnivora et les suidés. Certaines malformations de l'utérus de la femme conduisent à des utérus de ce type. Lorsque les cornes s

PPARgamma/RXRalpha heterodimers control human trophoblast invasion

Johan Auwerx, Kristina Schoonjans

The ligand-dependent nuclear receptors PPARgamma and RXRalpha/beta were recently determined to be essential for murine placental development and trophoblast differentiation. In the current study we examined the expression and role of the PPARgamma/RXRalpha heterodimers in human invasive trophoblasts. We first report that in human first trimester placenta, PPARgamma and RXRalpha are highly expressed in cytotrophoblasts at the feto-maternal interface, especially in the extravillous cytotrophoblasts involved in uterus invasion. The coexpression of PPARgamma and RXRalpha genes in extravillous cytotrophoblast nuclei were then confirmed by immunocytochemistry, immunoblot, and real-time quantitative PCR using cultured purified primary extravillous cytotrophoblasts. We next examined, using the extravillous cytotrophoblast culture model, the biological role of PPARgamma/RXRalpha heterodimers in vitro, and we showed that both synthetic (rosiglitazone) and natural [15-deoxy-delta-(12,14)PGJ(2)] PPARgamma agonists inhibit extravillous cytotrophoblast invasion in a concentration-dependent manner and synergize with pan-RXR agonists. Conversely, PPARgamma or pan-RXR antagonists promoted extravillous cytotrophoblast invasion. Furthermore, the pan-RXR antagonist abolished the inhibitory effect of the PPARgamma agonists. Together these data underscore an important function of PPARgamma/RXRalpha heterodimers in the modulation of trophoblast invasion.

2001

CMG2/ANTXR2 regulates extracellular collagen VI which accumulates in hyaline fibromatosis syndrome

Jérôme Bürgi, Julie Deuquet Ariosa, Laurence Gouzi Abrami, Béatrice Kunz, Alessandra Piersigilli, Françoise Gisou van der Goot Grunberg

Loss-of-function mutations in capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2/ANTXR2), a transmembrane surface protein, cause hyaline fibromatosis syndrome (HFS), a severe genetic disorder that is characterized by large subcutaneous nodules, gingival hypertrophy and severe painful joint contracture. Here we show that CMG2 is an important regulator of collagen VI homoeostasis. CMG2 loss of function promotes accumulation of collagen VI in patients, leading in particular to nodule formation. Similarly, collagen VI accumulates massively in uteri of Antxr2(-/-) mice, which do not display changes in collagen gene expression, and leads to progressive fibrosis and sterility. Crossing Antxr2(-/-) with Col6a1(-/-) mice leads to restoration of uterine structure and reversion of female infertility. We also demonstrate that CMG2 may act as a signalling receptor for collagen VI and mediates its intracellular degradation.

Springer Nature2017

Brain network characterization of high-risk preterm-born school-age children

Elda Fischi Gomez, Alessandra Griffa, François Lazeyras, Jean-Philippe Thiran

Higher risk for long-term cognitive and behavioral impairments is one of the hallmarks of extreme prematurity (EP) and pregnancy-associated fetal adverse conditions such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). While neurodevelopmental delay and abnormal brain function occur in the absence of overt brain lesions, these conditions have been recently associated with changes in microstructural brain development. Recent imaging studies indicate changes in brain connectivity, in particular involving the white matter fibers belonging to the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop. Furthermore, EP and IUGR have been related to altered brain network architecture in childhood, with reduced network global capacity, global efficiency and average nodal strength. In this study, we used a connectome analysis to characterize the structural brain networks of these children, with a special focus on their topological organization. On one hand, we confirm the reduced averaged network node degree and strength due to EP and IUGR. On the other, the decomposition of the brain networks in an optimal set of clusters remained substantially different among groups, talking in favor of a different network community structure. However, and despite the different community structure, the brain networks of these high-risk school-age children maintained the typical small-world, rich-club and modularity characteristics in all cases. Thus, our results suggest that brain reorganizes after EP and IUGR, prioritizing a tight modular structure, to maintain the small-world, rich-club and modularity characteristics. By themselves, both extreme prematurity and IUGR bear a similar risk for neurocognitive and behavioral impairment, and the here defined modular network alterations confirm similar structural changes both by IUGR and EP at school age compared to control. Interestingly, the combination of both conditions (IUGR + EP) does not result in a worse outcome. In such cases, the alteration in network topology appears mainly driven by the effect of extreme prematurity, suggesting that these brain network alterations present at school age have their origin in a common critical period, both for intrauterine and extrauterine adverse conditions.

Elsevier Sci Ltd2016

Brain network characterization of high-risk preterm-born school-age children

Elda Fischi Gomez, Alessandra Griffa, François Lazeyras, Jean-Philippe Thiran

Elsevier Sci Ltd2016