Parti républicain (États-Unis)

Le 'Parti républicain' (, également surnommé Grand Old Party (en français : « Grand Vieux Parti ») et abrégé en GOP, est l'un des deux grands partis politiques américains contemporains. Il est fondé le par des dissidents nordistes du Parti whig et du Parti démocrate, opposés à la loi Kansas-Nebraska et à l'expansion de l'esclavage mais aussi aux revendications souverainistes de plusieurs États du Sud. Élu en 1860, Abraham Lincoln a été le premier président républicain. Supplantant le Parti whig moribond, le GOP devint le principal parti politique du pays alternant au pouvoir avec le Parti démocrate. Depuis sa fondation, le GOP est le parti qui a le plus exercé le pouvoir exécutif aux États-Unis, y compris sur une durée continue (1861-1885). Parti originellement attaché au libéralisme classique jusqu'à lutter contre l'esclavage avec Abraham Lincoln, l'idéologie du Parti républicain du est le conservatisme : fiscal et social. Le GOP soutient la baisse des impôts, le capitalisme, le

Historicist aesthetics of architectural image: Mimesis and memorial in public space

Sila Karatas Basoglu

Turkey has been facing an aesthetic revivalism of Ottoman and Anatolian Seljuk architecture within public space, a phenomenon which is having been observed not only in the construction of new public buildings but also the renovation of historical housing districts as part of the so-called “urban transformation” being implemented by the state-owned institution, TOKİ. Seemingly realized as a result of the neoliberal spatial practices of 'urban transformation' in place through destruction and concomitantly reconstruction, the historicist revivalism within state-owned architectural production in Turkey also metamorphoses the collective public memory by the manipulation of the image of urban public space which is mostly characterized by the aesthetic appearance of Ottoman and the Republican architectural heritage of Turkey. Justified or not by a renowned debate on the conflict between modernity and tradition, today, the aesthetical production of contemporary architecture is defined by suggesting the use of historically negotiated architectural types and elements in newly-built contemporary buildings as a means of 'Ottoman and Anatolian Seljuk aesthetics in favor of tradition.' However, this mimetic reconstruction phenomenon is being realized by the contradiction of the relative notions of context and content since the conflict in between the destruction of the Ottoman and Republican architectural heritage, in company with the reconstruction of replicas of buildings, in reality, affiliated with Ottoman architectural types and aesthetics results in a shift in the spatio-temporal perception of public memory. Characterized by the cumulative aesthetical experience of the architectural production, urban public spaces are internal to the collective memory of the society, the image of which has formed out of the social, economical and political context, and thus of the architectural culture through time. Accordingly, the mimetic expression of the classical ages of the Ottoman Empire in the architectural image of public space, manipulates public memory by reconstructing a new manner of time-space which is identified by only the Islamic culture, and out of the plural identities of spatio-temporal experiences inherited from the late Ottoman and Republican period by negotiation. In this sense, this paper aims a critical study on the historicist transformation of urban spectacle through current architectural practices in Turkey.

2013

Apprenticeship in Early Modern Venice

Giovanni Colavizza

The desire of the Republican state to regulate the production and sale of food led to the establishment, during the twelfth century, of the Giustizia Vecchia, a magistracy which later developed an authority over the majority of the city’s guilds. The further decision to set a public register of contracts of apprenticeship reflects the ambition of Venetian authorities to regulate and control both vocational training and access to the urban job market, acting as a guarantor between masters and young apprentices. This chapter presents an historical overview of apprenticeship in early modern Venice, examining the development of the city’s legislation on the matter, and analysing a new sample of contracts recorded in the city’s apprenticeship registers during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In particular, we discuss the complex relationship between the general legal framework established by Venetian public authorities and the particular set of norms detailed in guilds statutes. Our analysis reveals that apprenticeship contracts were used to accommodate a variety of situations, including paying for intense training to masked working contracts, while following the general framework provided by state and guild regulations. We then present an in-depth study of apprenticeship contracts from three crafts (goldsmiths, carpenters and printers), chosen for their economic importance, and because they possibly represented different realities in terms of technological specialization, capital (or labour) intensiveness and typology of market. This highlights yet another aspect of apprenticeship in Venice: the influence of guilds. Some guilds such as the Goldsmiths, were more closed to foreigners, favouring Venetians instead. Apprenticeship in early modern Venice is an institution which, despite appearing as highly regulated and formalized, accommodated a variety of realities with remarkable flexibility.

Cambridge University Press2017

Historicist aesthetics of architectural image: Mimesis and memorial in public space

Sila Karatas Basoglu

2013

Apprenticeship in Early Modern Venice

Giovanni Colavizza

Cambridge University Press2017