Precise Point Positioning

Résumé

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning method that calculates very precise positions, with errors as small as a few centimeters under good conditions. PPP is a combination of several relatively sophisticated GNSS position refinement techniques that can be used with near-consumer-grade hardware to yield near-survey-grade results. PPP uses a single GNSS receiver, unlike standard RTK methods, which use a temporarily fixed base receiver in the field as well as a relatively nearby mobile receiver. PPP methods overlap somewhat with DGNSS positioning methods, which use permanent reference stations to quantify systemic errors. Methods PPP relies on two general sources of information: direct observables and ephemerides. Direct observables are data that the GPS receiver can measure on its own. One direct observable for PPP is carrier phase, i.e., not only the timing message encoded in the GNSS signal, but also whether the wave of t

Source officielle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precise_Point_Positioning

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Athletic Analysis With a Racing Heart

Quentin Ladetto, Bertrand Merminod, Yves Schutz, Jan Skaloud, Martin Vetterli

Downhill skiers enter a different dimension on the racecourse, but they are still subject to the laws of physics. A new Swiss system integrates GPS, video, and biosensors for precise position, velocity and heart-rate measurement, helping coaches and athletes plot the best "line" and improve training procedures - while enhancing television broadcasts.

2001

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Integrated sensors for PZT actuators based on thick-film resistors

Arvid Bergander, Jean-Marc Breguet, Thomas Maeder, Peter Ryser

Abstract—A common problem when using piezoceramic actuators for precise positioning is their hysteresis. Either external sensors such as capacitive or inductive probes, optical sensors or strain gauges are commonly used. The latter are the most favorable solution in many cases, as they occupy the smallest volume and disturbances can mostly be avoided. Drawbacks are the assembly of these strain gauges on the target, their small gauge factor and their size. We propose a sensor based on thick-film technology which permits to avoid these problems. It will allow to increase the integration level of subminiature mechatronic systems. A piezoceramic element is covered with an electrode on either side. Afterwards, an insulating layer is patterned, followed by the required number of piezoresistive elements and the necessary electrode pads and conductive tracks. Experiments in the laboratory have shown that position control using these resistances is possible, taking advantage of the reliability, the intimate contact between sensor and actuator, a negligible creep and the stability. In this paper we present several possible sensor configurations, applications and measurement results.

IEEE2002

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Wafer Level Assembly of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays with Precise Positioning

Donatello Acquaviva, Anupama Arun, Jyotshna Bhandari, Ji Cao, Mihai Adrian Ionescu

2010

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