Vaccination

Résumé

vignette|À Genève, devant l'Organisation mondiale de la santé, la vaccination est érigée en statue, œuvre du sculpteur Martin William dévoilée le , date de la commémoration du anniversaire de l'éradication de la variole : un agent de santé utilise une aiguille bifurquée à la place du vaccinostyle, afin de vacciner toute une famille contre la variole. vignette|Administration d'un vaccin. La vaccination est l'administration d'un agent antigénique, le vaccin, dans le but de stimuler le système immunitaire d'un organisme vivant afin d'y développer une immunité adaptative contre un agent infectieux. La substance active d'un vaccin est un antigène dont la pathogénicité du porteur est atténuée afin de stimuler les défenses naturelles de l'organisme (son système immunitaire). La réaction immunitaire primaire permet en parallèle une mise en mémoire de l'antigène présenté pour qu'à l'avenir, lors d'une vraie contamination, l'immunité acquise puisse s'activer de façon plus rapide et plus forte.

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination

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Infectious Disease Containment Based on a Wireless Sensor System

Marcel Salathé, Xiao Sun

Infectious diseases pose a serious threat to public health due to its high infectivity and potentially high mortality. One of the most effective ways to protect people from being infected by these diseases is through vaccination. However, due to various resource constraints, vaccinating all the people in a community is not practical. Therefore, targeted vaccination, which vaccinates a small group of people, is an alternative approach to contain infectious diseases. Since many infectious diseases spread among people by droplet transmission within a certain range, we deploy a wireless sensor system in a high school to collect contacts happened within the disease transmission distance. Based on the collected traces, a graph is constructed to model the disease propagation, and a new metric (called connectivity centrality) is presented to find the important nodes in the constructed graph for disease containment. Connectivity centrality considers both a node's local and global effect to measure its importance in disease propagation. Centrality based algorithms are presented and further enhanced by exploiting the information of the known infected nodes, which can be detected during targeted vaccination. Simulation results show that our algorithms can effectively contain infectious diseases and outperform other schemes under various conditions.

Ieee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc2016

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High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) encoding E6/E7-HPV oncogenes are responsible for a subgroup of head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and thus therapeutic E7-vaccines may be used to control HPV+HNSCC tumors. Herein we investigated the effects of an optimized nanoparticle-conjugated E7 long-peptide vaccine adjuvanted with CpG (NP-E7LP) in an orthotopic immunocompetent mouse model of HPV+HNSCC which is based on injection of HPV16 E6/E7-expressing mEERL95-cells into the submental space. In absence of surgery, vaccination performed before or after tumor-cell injection decreased tumor growth or prolonged mice survival only marginally, despite the high numbers of vaccine-induced circulating E7-specific IFN-gamma-secreting CD8(+) T-cells. This contrasts with the high-efficacy of NP-E7LP-vaccination reported in the genital and subcutaneous HPV16-E6/E7-expressing TC-1 models. Our data show that in a direct comparison, NP-E7LP-vaccination fully controlled TC-1, but not mEERL95, tumors subcutaneously growing in the flanks. Immune-cell infiltration was 10-fold higher in TC-1-tumors, than in mEERL95-tumors, suggesting that vaccine-induced CD8(+) T-cells can only poorly infiltrate mEERL95-tumors. Indeed, immunofluorescence staining of orthotopic mEERL95-tumors showed that CD3(+) T-cells are preferentially located peritumorally. However, when NP-E7LP-vaccination was performed after mEERL95-cell injection, but before resection of primary tumors, no postsurgical recurrence was observed and 100% of the mice survived until the experimental endpoint (day 70) in the NP-E7LP-vaccinated group. In contrast, we observed a 60% recurrence rate and only 35% survival in PBS-vaccinated mice. This suggests that removal of the primary tumor modified the tumor microenvironment, allowing a therapeutic effect of the vaccine-induced anti-tumor response. E7-vaccination combined with surgery may thus benefit patients with HPV+HNSCC.

TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC2021

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Statistical physics of vaccination

Marcel Salathé, Zhen Wang

Historically, infectious diseases caused considerable damage to human societies, and they continue to do so today. To help reduce their impact, mathematical models of disease transmission have been studied to help understand disease dynamics and inform prevention strategies. Vaccination one of the most important preventive measures of modern times is of great interest both theoretically and empirically. And in contrast to traditional approaches, recent research increasingly explores the pivotal implications of individual behavior and heterogeneous contact patterns in populations. Our report reviews the developmental arc of theoretical epidemiology with emphasis on vaccination, as it led from classical models assuming homogeneously mixing (mean-field) populations and ignoring human behavior, to recent models that account for behavioral feedback and/or population spatial/social structure. Many of the methods used originated in statistical physics, such as lattice and network models, and their associated analytical frameworks. Similarly, the feedback loop between vaccinating behavior and disease propagation forms a coupled nonlinear system with analogs in physics. We also review the new paradigm of digital epidemiology, wherein sources of digital data such as online social media are mined for high-resolution information on epidemiologically relevant individual behavior. Armed with the tools and concepts of statistical physics, and further assisted by new sources of digital data, models that capture nonlinear interactions between behavior and disease dynamics offer a novel way of modeling real-world phenomena, and can help improve health outcomes. We conclude the review by discussing open problems in the field and promising directions for future research. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Elsevier Science Bv2016

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